Soyuz 7K-T No.39

Crew

Backup crew

Mission highlights

Soyuz 7K-T No.39 was intended to be the second mission to take cosmonauts to the Soviet Salyut 4 space station for a 60-day mission. Both cosmonauts were on their second mission and had flown their first mission together, Soyuz 12, in September 1973 to test a new type of Soyuz spacecraft after the fatal accident of Soyuz 11.

The launch proceeded according to plan until T+288.6 seconds at an altitude of 145 km,{{cite book|title=Disasters and Accidents in Manned Space Flight|last=Shayler|first=David

The capsule landed southwest of Gorno-Altaysk at a point 145 km north of the Chinese border. The capsule landed on a snow-covered slope and began rolling downhill towards a 152 m sheer drop before it was stopped by the parachutes becoming snagged on vegetation. Having landed in chest-deep powder snow and a local temperature of -7 C, the cosmonauts donned their cold-weather survival clothing. The cosmonauts were uncertain if they had landed in China, at a time when Sino-Soviet relations were extremely hostile, so they quickly destroyed documents relating to a military experiment planned for the flight. They reportedly exited the spacecraft shortly after landing and built a fire. Soon, the crew was in radio contact with a rescue team in an approaching helicopter, who confirmed they were in the Soviet Union, near the town of Aleysk. The deep snow, the high altitude, and the terrain meant the rescuers had great difficulty in making contact with the cosmonauts. It was the next day before they were safely airlifted out. The crew were returned to Star City; the capsule was recovered some time later.

Initial Soviet reports stated the men had suffered no ill effects from their flight. However, subsequent reports claimed that Lazarev was injured by the high acceleration of re-entry. Makarov went on to take part in Soyuz 26, Soyuz 27, and Soyuz T-3 missions.

In Brezhnev's time, it was rare to disclose anything about Soviet failures, and so the first (Soviet) publication about the realities of the flight was made only a month later (8 May 1975). The Americans were informed on 7 April 1975 after the crew had been rescued. However, as the failure occurred during preparations for the joint Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the United States requested that a more detailed report of the accident be provided. (There was even a United States congressional inquiry regarding this failure and several others.) In the report the Soviets made to the Americans, the abort was referred to as the "April 5th anomaly", and as this was the only term the Soviets ever used for the incident, that became the "official" designation for years afterwards. It was also disclosed that the booster used in the launch was an older model and not the same model that would be used for Soyuz 19. The mission is referred to in some literature as Soyuz 18a or Soyuz 18-1, since the following Soyuz mission in May 1975 received the name Soyuz 18. (The Soviets only gave numbers to successful launches.)

The exact landing site of the capsule was a subject of debate amongst space historians in subsequent years. A Russian source quoted by James Oberg has stated that the landing occurred in Mongolia.

The failed Soyuz mission was the only case of a crewed booster accident at high altitude until the accident with Soyuz MS-10 on 11 October 2018.

Mission parameters

• Mass: 6830 kg
• Apogee: 192.0 km

References

References

1. Wade, Mark. "Baikonur LC1".
2. Newkirk, Dennis. (1990). "Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight". Gulf Publishing Company.
3. Clark, Phillip. (1988). "The Soviet Manned Space Program". Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc..
4. (2003). "Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft". Springer Praxis.
5. Sydorchyk, Andrey. (2014-11-26). "«Союз» без номера. В 1975 году советские космонавты выжили, упав из космоса".
6. {{USCongRec. 1975. 22528. (July 14, 1975 [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt17-5-1.pdf#page=68 "Summary of CIA Report on Soviet Readiness to Participate in ASTP"] {{PD-notice)
7. (1976). "Soviet Space Programs, 1971-75, Volume 1". Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate.
8. Semyonov, Yuri. (1996). "Rocket - Space Corporation 'Energiya' (Fiftieth Anniversary)".
9. Oberg, James. (19 March 1997). "Consultant Report: Soyuz Landing Safety".