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South Pacific tropical cyclone

Tropical cyclone having formed in the South Pacific Ocean

Tropical cyclone having formed in the South Pacific Ocean

A South Pacific tropical cyclone is a non-frontal, low pressure system that has developed, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft in the South Pacific Ocean. Within the Southern Hemisphere there are officially three areas where tropical cyclones develop on a regular basis, these areas are the South-West Indian Ocean between Africa and 90°E, the Australian region between 90°E and 160°E and the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W is officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service and New Zealand's MetService, while others like the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also monitor the basin. Each tropical cyclone year within this basin starts on July 1 and runs throughout the year, encompassing the tropical cyclone season which runs from November 1 and lasts until April 30 each season. Within the basin, most tropical cyclones have their origins within the South Pacific Convergence Zone or within the Northern Australian monsoon trough, both of which form an extensive area of cloudiness and are dominant features of the season. Within this region a tropical disturbance is classified as a tropical cyclone, when it has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 35 kn, that wrap halfway around the low-level circulation centre, while a severe tropical cyclone is classified when the maximum 10-minute sustained wind speeds are greater than 65 kn.

Basin history

Tropical cyclones have occurred over the southern Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times, with Polynesians and other ancient mariners having some knowledge of them. These mariners were keen observers of nature with their knowledge of these systems, reflected by traditional myths and legends. When Europeans started to settle and colonise the South Pacific, they realised that the region was not free of hurricanes and were the first to publish accounts about the systems. During 1853, Thomas Dobson subsequently became the first person to collect information about these systems, in order to attempt to understand and explain the characteristics of 24 tropical cyclones. However, these descriptions were vague and of little value, because he only had a small amount of data and no synoptic weather charts.

Over the next 40 years various reports, journals and logbooks on the storms were published, before E. Knipping consolidated some of these reports and extended Dobson's list out to 120 tropical cyclones during 1893. During the 1920s Stephen Sargent Visher did some research into tropical cyclones in the Pacific and visited several island nations, including Fiji, Japan and the Philippines, to obtain information on potential systems. He also consulted various journals and reports as well as Dobson's and Knipping's work, before he authored a number of papers on tropical cyclones in the Pacific. These papers contained information about 259 tropical storms in the South Pacific between 160°E and 140°W, two of which occurred during 1789 and 1819, while the rest occurred between 1830 and 1923. Visher also tried to estimate how many systems were occurring on an annual basis in each area, but overcompensated for his incomplete records and came up with a figure of 12 severe tropical cyclones per year.

In the years building up to World War II, Visher's work became the primary source for information about tropical cyclones in the South Pacific. However, there was not enough information available to allow for an accurate depiction of tropical cyclone tracks.

During Visher's time and until the start of World War II, there was not enough. However, in the build-up to and during World War II, meteorological operations in the Pacific were greatly expanded, to meet the needs of international aviation and military operations. As a result, J W Hutchings decided to write a paper on 43 tropical cyclones between 1940 and 1951, using data that had been collected from the tropics by the New Zealand Meteorological Service in the area between the 150°E and 150°W. In the paper, systems were only included if they had a wind speed on the Beaufort scale of Force 9 or above (corresponding to a medium Category 1 on the Australian cyclone scale), while located between the Equator and 30°S. Hutchings also examined where tropical cyclones originated from in the South Pacific and claimed that the place where most tropical cyclones develop could be accurately determined. The paper also drew attention to a marked difference in the tracks of South Pacific tropical cyclones and systems in other basins. This work was subsequently extended in 1956, by the then director of the New Zealand Meteorological Service: John Fletcher Gabites, to cover the seasons between 1952–53 and 1955–56. Gabites subsequently wrote a series of papers during 1963 on various aspects of South Pacific tropical cyclones including on the wide variety of tracks that occur over the Pacific.

At the start of the 1980s, geostationary satellite imagery became available, which allowed meteorologists to closely monitor any developments and lowered the chances of missing a well developed tropical cyclone to nil. During June 1995, the Fiji Meteorological Service's Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre, was designated as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center by the World Meteorological Organization.

Seasons

Before 1970

1970s

SeasonTotal
TDsTotal
TCsTotal
STCsStrongest
stormDeathsDamagesNotes and
References
1969–70772Dolly and Emma65 million (USD)title=2012/13 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre Area of Responsibilityurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/RSMC_Nadi_2012_13_Tropical_Cyclone_Season_outlook.pdfpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceaccess-date=October 18, 2012author=RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centrearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019044321/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/RSMC_Nadi_2012_13_Tropical_Cyclone_Season_outlook.pdfarchive-date=October 19, 2012date=October 18, 2012url-status=livepage=2 }}
1970–71880LenaUnknownUnknownpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicetitle=Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacificauthor=Climate Services Divisiondate=October 26, 2010access-date=May 19, 2024url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/FMS_2010_TC_Guide2010_2011.pdfarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519224155/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/FMS_2010_TC_Guide2010_2011.pdfurl-status=livearchive-date=May 19, 2024}}
1971–72996CarlottaUnknownUnknowntitle=2022–23 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)access-date=February 28, 2023date=October 13, 2022publisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicearchive-date=October 21, 2022url=https://www.met.gov.fj/img/climate/TC_Seasonal_Outlook_2022-23_%20Detailed%20report.pdfurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021023718/https://www.met.gov.fj/img/climate/TC_Seasonal_Outlook_2022-23_%20Detailed%20report.pdf}}
1972–73882Bebe25$20 million (USD)title=2015–16 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)access-date=October 22, 2015date=October 22, 2015publisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/Tropical_Cyclone_Guidance_2015_16.pdfarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123070214/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/Tropical_Cyclone_Guidance_2015_16.pdfarchive-date=November 23, 2015url-status=dead }}
1973–7410102PamUnknownUnknown
1974–75553Val and AlisonUnknownUnknowntitle=2011-12 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)access-date=February 11, 2025date=October 27, 2011publisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceurl=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/FMS_2011_12_Regional_TCseaason_outlook.pdfarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211001252/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/FMS_2011_12_Regional_TCseaason_outlook.pdfarchive-date=February 11, 2025url-status=dead}}
1975–76663DavidUnknownUnknown
1976–77992RobertUnknownUnknown
1977–78773Bob and CharlesUnknownUnknown
1978–79962MeliUnknownUnknowntitle=2019–20 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook [in the] Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)access-date=October 11, 2019date=October 11, 2019publisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicearchive-date=October 11, 2019url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/TC_Outlook_2019-20_final.pdfurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011111239/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/TC_Outlook_2019-20_final.pdf}}
1979–80872Peni and SinaUnknownUnknown

1980s

During the 1980s there were three major Southern Oscillation episodes; two El Niño's (1982–83 and 1986/87) when the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) was negative and one La Nina when the SOI was positive.

SeasonTotal
TDsTotal
TCsTotal
STCsStrongest
stormDeathsDamagesNotes and
ReferencesTotalsHina
1980–8112124Fredatitle=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook 2025–26 Detailed Outlookurl=https://www.met.gov.fj/documents/28067/Detailed__tc_seasonal_outlook_2025_26.pdfpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicedate=9 October 2025access-date=10 October 2025archive-date=9 October 2025archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009232003/https://www.met.gov.fj/documents/28067/Detailed__tc_seasonal_outlook_2025_26.pdf}}
1981–82665Gyantitle=2013/14 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre Area of Responsibilityurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/RSMCNadi2013_14TropicalCycloneGuidanceSummary_11Oct2013_2_.pdfpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceaccess-date=October 15, 2013archive-date=October 21, 2013date=October 11, 2013author=RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centrearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021035744/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/RSMCNadi2013_14TropicalCycloneGuidanceSummary_11Oct2013_2_.pdfurl-status=livepage=2 }}
1982–8314149Oscartitle=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook 2023–24 Detailed Outlookaccess-date=October 12, 2023date=October 12, 2023publisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicearchive-date=October 12, 2023url=https://www.met.gov.fj/img/climate/TC_Seasonal_Outlook_2023_24.pdfurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012085321/https://www.met.gov.fj/img/climate/TC_Seasonal_Outlook_2023_24.pdf}}
1983–84751Betititle=2017–18 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)access-date=October 11, 2017date=October 11, 2017publisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicearchive-date=October 11, 2017url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/TCOutlook_1718.pdfurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182451/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/TCOutlook_1718.pdf }}
1984–85995Hinatitle=2021/22 Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre Nadi: Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlookurl=https://www.met.gov.fj/img/climate/TC_Seasonal_Outlook_2021-22_%20Detailed%20report.pdfpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceaccess-date=October 14, 2021archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013000409/https://www.met.gov.fj/img/climate/TC_Seasonal_Outlook_2021-22_%20Detailed%20report.pdfarchive-date=October 13, 2021date=October 13, 2021url-status=live}}
1985–86773Ima150title=2016–17 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)access-date=October 29, 2016date=October 14, 2016publisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicearchive-date=October 30, 2016url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/2016-17_Tropical_Cyclone_Outlook.pdfurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000418/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/2016-17_Tropical_Cyclone_Outlook.pdf }}
1986–8713126Uma50{{ntsp150000000$}}journal=Weather and Climatetitle=The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacificurl=http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/7/2/1987_072_38-54_revell.pdfauthor=Revell, Cliff Gyear=1987volume=7issue=2pages=38–54publisher=The Meteorological Society of New Zealanddoi=10.2307/44279737jstor=44279737url-status=deadarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203234159/http://www.metsoc.org.nz/system/files/journals/7/2/1987_072_38-54_revell.pdfarchive-date=2013-12-03 }}
1987–88653Anne
1988–8914146Harry
1989–901152Ofa8{{ntsp180000000$}}

1990s

SeasonTotal
TDsTotal
TCsTotal
STCsStrongest
stormDeathsDamagesRetired
namesNotes and
ReferencesTotalsRon/Susan
1990–91421SinaNone{{ntsp18500000$}}Sina
1991–9213117Fran21Tia, Wasa, Val, Betsy, Esau, Fran
1992–9312106Joni and PremaNoneJoni, Kina, Nina
1993–94754TheodoreNoneRewa
1994–95431VioletNone{{ntsp2500000$}}Williampublisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorologyauthor2=Bates, P.Wauthor=Shepherd, I.Jdate=June 2, 1997title=The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1994–95pages=143–151issue=46url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1997/shepherd.pdfaccess-date=May 14, 2011journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine}}
1995–96751Beti2{{ntsp4300000$}}Betiauthor=Callaghan, Jeffvolume=46pages=325–339date=December 4, 1997title=The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1995–96publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorologyurl=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1997/callaghan.pdfaccess-date=July 25, 2012journal=Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journalarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321170545/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1997/callaghan.pdfarchive-date=March 21, 2012url-status=live }}
1996–9714126Gavin27{{ntsp44000000$}}Drena, Gavin, Hina, Keli
1997–9820167Ron and Susan50{{ntsp7600000$}}Martin, Osea, Ron, Susan, Tui, Ursula, Veliaccess-date=July 25, 2012year=1997–2011title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summariesurl=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/tropical_cyclone_summaries_track_data.htmauthor=Padgett, Garyarchive-date=December 30, 2019url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230082631/http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/tropical_cyclone_summaries_track_data.htm}} Alt URL
1998–992784DaniCora, Frankaccess-date=July 25, 2012title=RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1998–99publisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_98-991188357223.pdfyear=1999archive-date=August 1, 2010archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5reEpeuMG?url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_98-991188357223.pdfurl-status=dead }}
1999–20002564Kim1Kimaccess-date=July 25, 2012title=RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1999–2000publisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_99-001188357240.pdfyear=2000archive-date=February 19, 2012archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65ZuunOSd?url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_99-001188357240.pdfurl-status=dead }}

2000s

During the 2000s, activity was generally below the long term average, with 60 tropical cyclones developing out of 160 tropical disturbances and tropical depressions. However activity during the 2002–03, 2004–05 and 2009–10 seasons all experienced activity, near the long term average of about 8 - 9 tropical cyclones.

SeasonTotal
TDsTotal
TCsTotal
STCsStrongest
stormDeathsDamages
(USD)Retired namesNotes and
ReferencesTotals1596030Zoe
2000–011651Paula7{{ntsp800000$}}Paula, Sose
2001–021652Waka1{{ntsp51300000$}}Trina, Waka
2002–0318107Zoe50{{ntsp102100000$}}Zoe, Ami, Beni, Cillaarchive-date=October 1, 2008publisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceaccess-date=June 27, 2010archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001150746/http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_02-031190690457.pdfurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_02-031190690457.pdftitle=Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2002–03url-status=dead }}
2003–041532Heta16{{ntsp387000000$}}Heta, Ivy
2004–051895Percy2{{ntsp55000000$}}Meena, Nancy, Olaf, Percypublisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceaccess-date=April 16, 2012title=Tropical Cyclone Summary 2004 — 2005 Seasonurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_04-051190690498.pdfarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225212738/http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_04-051190690498.pdfarchive-date=February 25, 2009url-status=dead }}
2005–061553WatiNone{{ntsp26000$}}Nonearchive-date=October 1, 2008archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001150802/http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_05-061190690520.pdfurl=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_05-061190690520.pdfpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicetitle=Tropical Cyclone Season Summary: 2005–2006 Seasonaccess-date=May 12, 2009url-status=dead }}
2006–071562Xavier4{{ntsp4000000$}}Cliff
2007–081643Daman8{{ntsp46000000$}}Daman, Funa, Geneaccess-date=February 26, 2012title=Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2007–08author1=Fiji Meteorological Servicepublisher=World Meteorological Organizationyear=2008url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Best%20Tracks/documents/TCSeasonalSummary07-08.doc}}
2008–091560Lin11{{ntsp65000000$}}Noneauthor=RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centretitle=Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2008–09url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Best%20Tracks/documents/SR_Nadi_2009.docdate=September 24, 2012work=Fiji Meteorological Servicepublisher=World Meteorological Organization's Tropical Cyclone Projectaccess-date=October 21, 2012}}
2009–101585Ului12{{ntsp163000000$}}Mick, Oli, Pat, Tomas, Ului

2010s

SeasonTotal
TDsTotal
TCsTotal
STCsStrongest
stormDeathsDamages
(USD)Retired namesNotes and
ReferencesTotalsWinston131≥ $2.25 billion
2010–111775Wilma4{{ntsp25000000$}}Vania, Wilma, Yasi, Atudate=May 11, 2012author=Climate Services Divisiontitle=Fiji Islands Climate Summary April 2011 Volume 32 Issue 04url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/Summary.pdfarchive-date=February 17, 2012access-date=March 3, 2012publisher=Fiji Meteorological Servicearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217053536/http://www.wamis.org/countries/fiji/fiji200711.pdfurl-status=dead }}
2011–122031Jasmine13{{ntsp17200000$}}Nonetitle=Southern Hemisphere 2011–2012 Tropical Cyclone Season Reviewurl=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2012/summ2011-2012.htmaccess-date=January 17, 2013archive-date=April 13, 2014author=Young, Stevepublisher=Australian Severe Weatherarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125143/http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2012/summ2011-2012.htmurl-status=livedate=January 14, 2013 }}
2012–132254Sandra17{{ntsp161000000$}}Evan, Freda
2013–142062Ian12{{ntsp48000000$}}Ian, Lusititle=Southern Hemisphere 2013–2014 Tropical Cyclone Season Reviewpublisher=Australian Severe Weatherurl=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2014/summ2013-2014.htmaccess-date=October 27, 2014author=Young, Stevearchive-date=November 5, 2014archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105094703/http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2014/summ2013-2014.htmurl-status=livedate=July 24, 2014 }}
2014–151662Pam16{{ntsp250000000$}}Pamdate=August 18, 2015url=http://www.met.gov.fj/Summary1.pdfaccess-date=August 28, 2015title=Fiji Annual Climate Summary: 2014archive-date=March 4, 2016archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053600/http://www.met.gov.fj/Summary2.pdfauthor=Climate Services Divisionpublisher=Fiji Meteorological Serviceurl-status=dead }}
2015–161885Winston50≥ {{ntsp1405000000$}}Ula, WinstonFeatured Winston, the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere
2016–172242Donna3≥ {{ntsp5000000$}}Cook, Donna
2017–181463Gita11{{ntsp285000000$}}Gita, Josie, Keni
2018–191252PolaNone≥ {{ntsp50000000$}}Pola
2019–201284Harold5≥ {{ntsp131630000$}}Sarai, Tino

2020s

SeasonTotal
TDsTotal
TCsTotal
STCsStrongest
stormDeathsDamages
(USD)Retired namesNotes and
ReferencesTotals3923Yasa25
2020–211383Yasa7{{ntsp255000000$}}Yasa, Ana
2021–221162Dovi2{{ntsp96900000$}}Cody
2022–23753Kevin16{{ntsp11100000000$}}Judy, KevinFeaturing the costliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the basin, Gabrielle
2023–24842Lola4{{ntsp352000000$}}Lola, Mal
2024–251140Rae0NoneRaeFirst season since the 2008–09 season not to have an equivalent major hurricane (Category 3 or higher)
2025–266009None

Notes

References

References

  1. Kerr, Ian S. (March 1, 1976). "Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the Southwest Pacific: November 1939 to May 1969".
  2. (June 1922). "Tropical Cyclones in Australia and the South Pacific and Indian Oceans". Monthly Weather Review.
  3. Hutchings, J.W. (April 1953). "Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific". New Zealand Geographer.
  4. "Technical information circular No. 107 - A survey of tropical cyclones in the South Pacific".
  5. RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre. (October 18, 2012). "2012/13 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre Area of Responsibility". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  6. RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre. (October 15, 2014). "2014/15 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre Area of Responsibility". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  7. (October 23, 2018). "2018–19 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook [in the] Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  8. Climate Services Division. (October 26, 2010). "Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  9. (October 13, 2022). "2022–23 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  10. (October 22, 2015). "2015–16 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  11. (October 27, 2011). "2011-12 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  12. (October 11, 2019). "2019–20 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook [in the] Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  13. (9 October 2025). "Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook 2025–26 Detailed Outlook". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  14. RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre. (October 11, 2013). "2013/14 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre Area of Responsibility". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  15. (October 14, 2016). "2016–17 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  16. (October 12, 2023). "Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook 2023–24 Detailed Outlook". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  17. (October 11, 2017). "2017–18 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (RSMC Nadi – TCC) Area of Responsibility (AOR)". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  18. (October 13, 2021). "2021/22 Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre Nadi: Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Outlook". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  19. Revell, Cliff G. (1987). "The 1986/87 Hurricane Season in the South Pacific". The Meteorological Society of New Zealand.
  20. Shepherd, I.J. (June 2, 1997). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1994–95". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
  21. Barr, Joe. (September 17, 2008). "Event Information: Tropical Cyclone William". Pacific Disaster.Net.
  22. Callaghan, Jeff. (December 4, 1997). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1995–96". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
  23. (May 22, 2009). "RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre Best Track Data for 1996/97 Cyclone Season".
  24. (April 2, 1997). "Matt Megan's World". The Manawatu Standard.
  25. Padgett, Gary. (1997–2011). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summaries".
  26. (1999). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1998–99". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  27. (2000). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1999–2000". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  28. "Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2002–03". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  29. "Tropical Cyclone Summary 2004 — 2005 Season". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  30. "Tropical Cyclone Season Summary: 2005–2006 Season". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  31. (2008). "Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2007–08". World Meteorological Organization.
  32. RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre. (September 24, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2008–09". World Meteorological Organization's Tropical Cyclone Project.
  33. Climate Services Division. (May 11, 2012). "Fiji Islands Climate Summary April 2011 Volume 32 Issue 04". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  34. Auden, Tony. (June 21, 2011). "Tropical Cyclone Anthony: January 23 – 31, 2011". Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre.
  35. Young, Steve. (January 14, 2013). "Southern Hemisphere 2011–2012 Tropical Cyclone Season Review". Australian Severe Weather.
  36. Young, Steve. (July 24, 2014). "Southern Hemisphere 2013–2014 Tropical Cyclone Season Review". Australian Severe Weather.
  37. Climate Services Division. (August 18, 2015). "Fiji Annual Climate Summary: 2014". Fiji Meteorological Service.
  38. Queensland Regional Office. (September 2015). "Tropical Cyclone Raquel: January 23 – 31, 2011". Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
  39. (April 27, 2017). "2016/17 tropical cyclone season to officially end on April 30". Fiji Meteorological Service.
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south-pacific-cyclone-seasons
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