Soo Locks

United States locks

The U.S. locks form part of a 1.6 mi canal formally named the St. Marys Falls Canal. The entire canal, including the locks, is owned and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, which provides free passage. The first iteration of the U.S. Soo Locks was completed in May 1855; it was operated by the state of Michigan until transferred to the U.S. Army in 1881.

Locks

The configuration consists of two parallel lock chambers. Starting at the Michigan shoreline and moving north toward Ontario, these are:

• The MacArthur Lock, built in 1943. It is 800 ft long, 80 ft wide, and 29.5 ft deep. This is large enough to handle ocean-going vessels ("salties") that must also pass through the smaller locks in the Welland Canal. The first vessel through was the SS Carl D. Bradley. Per 33 CFR § 207.440 (v), "The maximum overall dimensions of vessels that will be permitted to transit MacArthur Lock are 730 feet in length and 75 feet in width, except as provided in paragraph (v)(1) of this section." Per U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sault St Marie, the length of the ship is restricted to 730’ due to the southwest wall alignment entering and exiting the MacArthur Lock.
• The Poe Lock, built in 1896. The first vessel to pass through was the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tug USS Hancock. The original Poe Lock was engineered by Orlando Poe and, at 800 ft long and 100 ft wide, was the largest in the world when completed in 1896. The lock was re-built in 1968 to accommodate larger ships, after the Saint Lawrence Seaway opened and made passage of such ships possible to the Great Lakes. It is now 1200 ft long, 110 ft wide, and 32 ft deep. It can take ships carrying 72000 ST of cargo. The Poe is the only lock that can handle the large lake freighters used on the Upper Lakes. The first passage after the rebuild was by the Phillip R. Clarke in 1969.

Former locks

• The State Lock, built between 1853 and 1855. The State of Michigan was given land by the federal government to construct a lock to allow for quicker transit of new copper and iron ore deposits discovered around the Lake Superior basin. The lock consisted of two chambers back-to-back to bridge the difference in water level. Each chamber was 350 ft long, 70 ft wide at the top of its walls and 61.5 ft at its bottom, and 12 ft deep. The State Lock was replaced by the original Poe Lock in 1896.
• The Weitzel Lock, was built between 1873 and 1881 directly south of the State Lock, and was the first lock to be operated by the federal government. At 515 ft long, 80 ft wide, and 17 ft deep, it was the longest lock in the world upon its completion. It was decommissioned in 1919, and was eventually replaced by the MacArthur Lock in 1943.
• The Davis Lock, built in 1914. At the time of its completion, the Davis Lock was the longest lock in the world at 1350 ft long, and was also 80 ft wide and 23 ft deep. It was officially decommissioned in 2010.
• The Sabin Lock, built in 1919. It was constructed as a twin lock to the Davis Lock, and named after Louis Carlton Sabin (1867-1950), the designer of both locks, who served as General Superintendent of the ship canal at The Soo from 1906 to 1925. It was officially decommissioned in 2010 at the same time as the Davis Lock.

New lock

A new lock is under construction and is slated to be completed by 2030. Groundbreaking for the new lock project was held on June 30, 2009. The lock will be equal in size to the Poe Lock and will provide much needed additional capacity for the large lake freighters. The new lock replaces two locks (Davis Lock and Sabin Lock), which were obsolete and used infrequently. In May 2020, construction on Phase One of the replacement of the Sabin Lock was started.

North of the new lock is an additional channel with a small hydroelectric plant, which provides electricity for the lock complex.

Engineers Day

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District, operates the Soo Locks Visitors Center and viewing deck for the public. On the last Friday of every June, the public is allowed to go behind the security fence and cross the lock gates of the U.S. Soo Locks for the annual Engineers Day Open House. During this event, visitors are able to get close enough to touch ships passing through the two regularly operating locks. Other than on that day, because the locks are United States Federal property under command of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, unauthorized personnel and civilians are restricted from the locks under threat of fines or imprisonment for trespassing.

Canadian lock

Main article: Sault Ste. Marie Canal

The first lock to be built in the St. Marys River was on the Canadian side in 1798 by the Northwest Fur Company to facilitate the fur trade. It was destroyed by the Americans in 1814 during the War of 1812 to disrupt British trade. Currently, a single small lock is operated on the Canadian side of the Soo. Opened in 1895, it was rebuilt in 1987, and is 77 m long, 15.4 m wide and 13.5 m deep. The Canadian lock is used for recreational and tour boats; major shipping traffic uses the U.S. locks.

Gallery

File:Soo Locks 19th Century.jpg|The first Soo Locks in the 19th century File:Anchor Line Steamer in the Locks (NBY 9947).jpg|Anchor Line steamer in the Soo Locks, ca. 1900s File:PoeLock whaleback MHGL00371f.jpg|A whaleback traverses the Poe Lock, ca. 1910 File:Sault canal NHS adjusted.jpg|Canadian Lock at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario File:Poe Lock - 2014.jpg|The last ship of the 2013 season passes through the Poe Lock File:USCGC Mackinaw passes through Soo Locks 130314-G-ZZ999-001.jpg|USCGC Mackinaw passes through Soo Locks

References

• 33 CFR 207.440
• 33 CFR 207.441

References

1. "St. Marys Falls Canal". National Park Service.
2. {{NRISref. 2007a
3. State Historic Preservation Office. (2009). "Saint Mary's Falls Canal". [[Michigan State Housing Development Authority]].
4. Detroit District. "Facts". [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]].
5. "NHL nomination for St. Marys Falls Canal". National Park Service.
6. David Helwig. (March 30, 2002). "$227 million lock replacement could start this year". SooToday.com.
7. Arbic, Bernard. (2005). "Upbound Downbound: The Story of the Soo Locks". Priscilla Press.
8. (May 30, 2000). "Seeing The Light: Orlando Metcalfe Poe". Terrypepper.com.
9. "Unlocking the Industrial Midwest: A Pictorial History of Locks at the Soo". USACE.
10. "The Saint Marys Falls Ship Canal, Michigan". Archives of Michigan.
11. ''Saint Marys Falls Ship Canal (Soo Locks Historic District, Soo Canals)'', Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity, 2020.
12. Lange, Alex, [https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2017/01/05/the-mighty-soo-construction-of-the-locks-at-sault-ste-marie-michigan/ "The Mighty Soo: Construction of the Locks at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan"] {{Webarchive. link. (January 28, 2020 , ''The Unwritten Record''. National Archives, January 5, 2017.)
13. (5 November 2021). "The Soo Locks: The 'linchpin' of Great Lakes shipping is entering a new era". Block Communications.
14. (May 2020). "New Lock Info Sheet".
15. (June 30, 2009). "Construction beginning on new Soo shipping lock". [[Detroit Free Press]].
16. David Helwig. (March 30, 2002). "$227 million lock replacement could start this year". SooToday.com.
17. "Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". The Center for Land Use Interpretation.
18. Detroit District. "Soo Locks: Sault Ste- Marie". United States Army Corps of Engineers.
19. (June 24, 2010). "Soo Locks Engineer's Day".
20. Parks Canada. "Sault Ste. Marie Canal National Historic Site of Canada, Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures". Parks Canada.