Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024

General path of shadow

The totality of the solar eclipse was visible in a strip beginning in the Pacific Ocean, the edge of which passed approximately 60 kilometers north of Penrhyn atoll, 115 kilometers south of Starbuck Island, 275 kilometers north of Vostok Island, and 370 kilometers north of the Marquesas Islands. Later, the total solar eclipse was visible from North America, starting from the west coast of Mexico then ascending in a northeasterly direction through Mexico, the United States, and Canada, before ending in the Atlantic Ocean about 700 kilometers southwest of Ireland.

Visibility in the Americas

Mexico

Totality first passed over the Revillagigedo Islands (a federal possession of Mexico and associated with Colima state) and Islas Marías of Nayarit. Upon reaching the continental mainland, totality passed through the states of Sinaloa (including Mazatlán), northern Nayarit, Durango (including the city of Durango and [[Gómez Palacio, Durango|Gómez Palacio]]), extreme southeast Chihuahua, and Coahuila (including Torreón, Matamoros, Monclova, Sabinas, Ciudad Acuña, and Piedras Negras).{{cite web |date=April 2024 |title=Total Solar Eclipse in Mexico A partial eclipse was visible across the remainder of the country, including 79% coverage of the solar disc in Mexico City. Torreón was the most populous Mexican city in the path of totality.

United States

In the United States, totality was visible through the states of Texas (including parts of San Antonio, Austin, Fort Worth, and all of Arlington, Dallas, Killeen, Temple, Texarkana, Tyler, Sulphur Springs, and Waco); Oklahoma (including Idabel and Broken Bow); Arkansas (including Morrilton/Petit Jean, Hot Springs, Searcy, Jonesboro, and Little Rock); Missouri (including Cape Girardeau and Poplar Bluff); Tennessee (extreme northwestern corner of Lake County); Illinois (including Carbondale, where it intersected the path of the 2017 eclipse); Kentucky; Indiana (including Bloomington, Evansville, Indianapolis, Anderson, Muncie, Terre Haute, and Vincennes); Ohio (including Akron, Cleveland, Dayton, Lima, Lorain,Toledo, and Warren); Michigan (extreme southeastern corner of Monroe County); Pennsylvania (including Erie); Upstate New York (including Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Rochester, Syracuse, Watertown, the Adirondacks, Potsdam, and Plattsburgh); northern Vermont (including Burlington); New Hampshire; and Maine;{{cite news |last=Eliasen

A partial solar eclipse was visible in all of the other parts of the contiguous United States, Hawaii, and southeast Alaska (Alaska Panhandle).

Delta Air Lines scheduled two special eclipse-following flights: one from Austin to Detroit on a large-window A220-300, and one from Dallas to Detroit. Various other flights in the path of totality also avoided cloud cover entirely.

Canada

In Canada, totality was visible through parts of Southern Ontario (including Leamington, Fort Erie, Hamilton, Niagara Falls, Kingston, Prince Edward County, and Cornwall),{{Cite news |last=Nielsen |first=Kevin |date=April 5, 2024 | title=Total solar eclipse: Where the best views in Ontario are expected to be |publisher=Global News |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10405585/ontario-eclipse-viewing-locations/

A partial solar eclipse was visible in all of the other parts of Canada, except the western part of Yukon and the western tip of the Northwest Territories.

Boat cruises to observe the eclipse were conducted on Lake Erie, Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and Saint Lawrence River.

Central America and South America

The partial eclipse was seen in all Central American countries, from Belize to Panama, all the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica), and northern South America (Colombia).

Largest cities and recommended viewing sites

Space.com identified the ten largest cities where totality was visible. In population order, they were:

1. Montreal, Quebec
2. San Antonio, Texas
3. Dallas, Texas
4. Austin, Texas
5. Fort Worth, Texas
6. Indianapolis, Indiana
7. Durango, Durango
8. Hamilton, Ontario
9. Torreón, Coahuila
10. Mazatlán, Sinaloa

Astronomy magazine provided a list of 20 recommended viewing sites, based on factors such as proximity to the center line, population size, ease of access, and so on. They were ordered from west to east:

• Mazatlán, Sinaloa
• Nazas, Durango
• Piedras Negras, Coahuila
• Radar Base, Texas
• Kerrville, Texas
• Lampasas, Texas
• Hillsboro, Texas
• Sulphur Springs, Texas
• Russellville, Arkansas
• Cape Girardeau, Missouri
• Vincennes, Indiana
• Indianapolis, Indiana
• Lima, Ohio
• Cleveland, Ohio
• Erie, Pennsylvania
• Niagara Falls, New York
• Buffalo, New York
• Plattsburgh, New York
• Sherbrooke, Quebec
• Mars Hill, Maine

Visibility in other continents

Europe

A partial eclipse passed over Svalbard (Norway), Iceland, Ireland, western parts of the United Kingdom, north-western parts of Spain and Portugal, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. Cloud cover prevented views of it from most of the British Isles, although it was seen in Western Scotland. Unusually, this eclipse extended below the horizon, where the greatest phase was observed at mid-nautical twilight in Galicia (Spain) and the beginning of astronomical twilight in Nouvelle-Aquitaine (France). The extension of the eclipse path within the twilight zone created what was likely the best observation window for the 12P/Pons–Brooks comet located closely to Jupiter.

Oceania

The partial eclipse was seen in Hawaii, eastern Kiribati (the eastern Phoenix Islands and the whole Line Islands), Tokelau, American Samoa except for its extreme western part, the Cook Islands, French Polynesia, and the Pitcairn Islands. Although all located east of the 180th meridian, the local time of the eclipse in Kiribati and Tokelau was Tuesday, April 9, 2024, because either UTC+13 or UTC+14 is observed in these areas.

Total eclipse timing

Characteristics

Magnitude

The magnitude of an eclipse, or the ratio of the angular diameter of the Moon to the angular diameter of the Sun, must be one or greater for a total eclipse to occur. The Moon was near perigee (the closest point in its orbit to Earth) during this eclipse. Occurring only about 24 hours after perigee (on April 7, 2024, at 18:50 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger. The Sun had an angular diameter of 31'56" at the moment of greatest eclipse. As the magnitude of this eclipse at that time was 1.0566, the angular diameter of the Moon was 1.0566 times that of the Sun, or 33'44". This gave the eclipse a wider path of totality and more maximum time in totality (4 min 28 s) compared to the total eclipse in 2017 (2 min 40 s), which had a magnitude of 1.0306.

Solar prominences

The eclipse occurred around the solar maximum, a period of greatest solar activity in the Sun's 11-year solar cycle, and it was anticipated that solar prominences would be visible during totality. Many observers reported seeing solar prominences during the event. Most plainly visible to the naked eye was a very bright red point of light near the lowest portion of the Sun's disk, which on telescopic views and photographs showed as a tent-shaped angular structure. The red and pink hues were the result of hydrogen and helium plasma being thrown up in broad arcs but never leaving the sun's atmosphere. Telescopic photographs revealed the western limb having several smaller, irregular shapes, of which one large, ragged shape appeared disconnected from the Sun's surface on one side. Several smaller prominences were also visible on the eastern limb, though because of the eclipse's relatively high magnitude, prominences on both limbs could not be viewed at the same time. These shapes correlate in detail with the NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory solar telescope images taken in space at the same as the earthbound eclipse, and with images from the ground-based National Solar Observatory GONG telescope in Cerro Tololo, Chile.

Shadow bands

The shadow bands phenomenon was observed and documented in some locations with clear skies. Attempts to observe and record shadow bands on the ground were disappointed in many areas of totality by the phenomenon not appearing in the event, perhaps having been washed out by the diffuse illumination of cloudy skies in various locations.

Eclipse path intersections

The path of the April 8, 2024, eclipse crossed the path of the previous American total solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois, in Makanda, just south of Carbondale. The path of the April 8 eclipse also crossed the path of the annular solar eclipse that occurred less than 6 months prior, on October 14, 2023, intersecting in the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas. The intersection of two total solar eclipses over the exact same spot within a 7-year period was found to be unusual, since the average interval for any given spot on Earth to observe a total solar eclipse is about once every 375 years. A similar total eclipse intersection occurred in Turkey during the August 1999 and March 2006 solar eclipses. A similar intersection of total solar eclipses will also occur over Egypt in August 2027 and March 2034. The intersection patterns are caused by the dynamics of the Saros cycle.

Impact

Economy and tourism

It was projected before the eclipse that there could be a $6 billion boost to the US economy due to the eclipse. The Mayor of Rochester, New York, Malik Evans, told reporters that the city was expected to bring in between $10–12 million to the city's economy from the Friday before the eclipse to the day of it. However, the day was cloudy. On April 12, New York Governor Kathy Hochul announced record breaking tourism numbers between April 6 and 9, which was a 45% increase compared to 2023, with nearly one million visitors to New York State parks and over 5.5 million toll transactions recorded.

One company that tracks Airbnb data likened the economic impact of the event to having Taylor Swift's concerts taking place simultaneously in every city along the eclipse's path. In the United States, the prices of motels and hotels near the path of totality increased up to 100 percent on April 7 and April 8. Montreal saw a 20% surge in hotel occupancy for April 7 and April 8. An estimated 20 million people travelled to the path of totality within the United States for the total solar eclipse, exceeding the estimated numbers for the August 2017 solar eclipse 7 years earlier by four times.

The eclipse caused a drop in solar power generation, with Texas experiencing a decrease from 12,000 MW to just over 3,000 MW at 2 p.m. Wind power generation also decreased by about 50% that day. However, there were no disruptions in power distribution as supply exceeded demand.

At Yankee Stadium, the Yankees gave away eclipse T-shirts to the first 15,000 fans at the game that day. The eclipse had pushed the start time back by four hours.

Traffic

Prior to the solar eclipse, US officials expected the April 2024 solar eclipse to be the largest travel event in the US in years, with up to 4 million travelers expected. Some likened the projected tourism surge to "50 Super Bowls happening all at once". At least 5 million Americans had travelled to see the August 2017 solar eclipse, and based on the mass traffic jams that had ensued following the eclipse, transportation agencies prepared for a potentially even bigger traffic problem, in the wake of the April 2024 solar eclipse. Highways in the area of totality saw significant increases in traffic, with departing tourists caught in traffic jams lasting up to eight hours. Many of those trying to drive down Interstate 93 in New Hampshire, for example, found themselves in jams lasting until at least 2 a.m. the following morning, resulting in numerous cars breaking down. Drivers and passengers spent four to six hours to pass through Franconia Notch where Interstate 93 is reduced to a single lane in each direction. Major highways in the state remained crowded through rush hour the following morning and into the afternoon. A similar effect was seen during the following morning's rush hour in northbound Interstate 65 in Indianapolis. In Vermont there were an estimated 60,000 additional cars and 248 inbound aircraft over the span of the eclipse weekend, with about 160,000 visitors coming into the state per Secretary of Transportation Joe Flynn. Drivers in southern Illinois leaving the region of totality to the north toward St. Louis, Missouri faced more than 80 miles of stop-and-go heavy congestion. Unlike other regions, traffic was lighter in Texas than the state's Department of Transportation had anticipated.

Animal behavior

Zookeepers, naturalists, university researchers, and citizen scientists positioned themselves to observe animal behavior during the eclipse, some with the goal of comparing results with observations made during the 1932 and 2017 total solar eclipses, and others opening new avenues of animal behavioral research. Wildlife and zoo animals were observed along the path of totality and in areas that saw only a partial eclipse. NASA worked with ARISA Lab, LLC, to recruit thousands of citizen scientists to help record sounds and observations of animal behavior during the eclipse. , a total of 3,372 written observations had been submitted by citizen scientists, and 770 recording devices had been registered with the project to provide sound and ultrasound recordings of wildlife and other ambient sounds before, during, and after the eclipse in a standardized way.

Wildlife

Changes in wild animal behavior were recorded during the eclipse, especially among birds. These changes were similar to those observed during the 2017 eclipse, but more pronounced. Weather radar was adapted to monitor the activity of flying animals, and birds were observed to decrease their daytime activities. Radar imaging demonstrated "noticeable decreases in typical daytime biological activities such as the movements of hawks and other soaring and insect-eating birds." Owls began hooting, and vultures and other birds began to roost. A team from Purdue University, observing a variety of ecosystems on wild-lands maintained by the university near Butlerville, Indiana, recorded the songs of 20 different species of birds going quiet, leaving only the songs of the robin and the tufted titmouse during the eclipse. Birding students at the University of Vermont observed species at Lake Champlain during the eclipse that had not been observed there before, including Bohemian waxwings, red-tailed hawks, and pileated woodpeckers.

Haikubox community science data from hundreds of locations found that at locations experiencing more than 99 percent obscurity, and in the absence of human vocalizations, birds generally stopped vocalizing, but that there was variability between locations and individual species responses.

Insects and frogs in the wild were also observed making their nighttime sounds. Cicadas in Arizona stopped singing when the Sun was 50% blocked during their partial eclipse. Spring peepers, a type of nocturnal frog, were heard intermittently by the Purdue team in rural Indiana while the eclipse was partial, but they abruptly filled the soundscape at the moment of totality. Wild cricket frogs were observed in Fort Worth, Texas, behaving similarly.

Zoo animals

At the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, ostriches returned to their barn and began their evening rituals, such as preening and grooming each other. When the sunlight returned, the ostriches left their barn and resumed their daytime activities. A group of elephants at the zoo gathered together and began thumping their trunks on the ground. At the Fort Worth Zoo in Texas, flamingos bunched together, vocalized, and began marching together, which is a bonding behavior. A troop of gorillas at that zoo also gathered at the door to their indoor enclosure, where they were normally fed each evening, and appeared to act confused and frustrated, as if having missed their evening meal. The Fort Worth Botanic Garden (FWBG) placed hundreds of butterflies in their conservatory March 1, allowed them to acclimate, and observed them during the eclipse. The butterflies "didn't roost but instead ceased flying and remained very still." Goats at the FWBC were observed resting or sleeping during the eclipse. Giraffes at the Dallas Zoo also began to gallop, a behavior witnessed there and at many other zoos during the 2017 eclipse. Two aldabra tortoises at the same zoo were observed to rear on their hind legs and attack the door to their indoor enclosure, damaging the door's frame. Lions at the Buffalo Zoo started roaring just before totality.

Not all zoo animals reacted to the eclipse, nor did researchers expect them to. During the 2017 eclipse, researchers at the Riverbanks Zoo in South Carolina observed behavior changes in about 75% of species. Adam Hartstone-Rose, a biology professor at North Carolina State University, hypothesized that the captive animals that did react may have been responding to the emotions of human zoo visitors. Zoologists and volunteers at Parc Safari, a zoo in Hemmingford, Quebec, noted very little change in the animals they observed there, including giraffes, lions, hyenas, wolves, lynx, llamas, alpacas, and dromedaries. Hyenas vocalized during the eclipse, but there were other coinciding events that might have contributed to that behavior. The zoo's director of zoology, Aurélien Berthelot, did not expect much activity from their mammals. For example, lions sleep up to eighteen hours per day. Some roared during the eclipse while others slept. Analyses of their observations are continuing.

Human behavior

Some people acted irrationally, with conspiracy theories spreading online about the rapture occurring during the event. In Los Angeles, Danielle Johnson killed her infant when she threw her children off a balcony. She was referring to the eclipse as "the epitome of spiritual warfare" and an "apocalypse" on her Twitter account before the tragic incident. President Donald Trump, at the time running his second successful campaign, posted a propaganda video to his Truth Social account, depicting his head as the moon blocking out the sun with the phrases "the most important moment in human history is taking place in 2024" and "We will save America. And make it great again" being seen in the video. Scientific study has not proven a direct link between solar eclipses and human mental health, along with these sometimes dangerous grandiose ideologies that some people can harbor during these natural spectacles.

Responses

Arkansas Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders preemptively declared a state of emergency related to the eclipse, citing the expected increase of travel to the state which could result in transportation difficulties, such as in Fort Smith, where the police prepared for traffic congestion as hotels filled up. Bell County, Texas Judge David Blackburn preemptively declared a state of emergency in February 2024 due to the projected number of visitors to the area. The region surrounding Niagara Falls, Ontario, also declared a state of emergency; as an existing major tourist destination along the path of totality, it expected an influx of at least one million visitors on April 8.

A lawsuit was filed on April 2 by six inmates of various religions at Woodbourne Correctional Facility in New York against the state, stating that the decision to lock down the prison during the eclipse conflicted with their religious beliefs. The solar eclipse is important in various religions. The state settled the lawsuit by allowing the six inmates to view the eclipse.

Gallery

Total

|File:Telephoto-crop.png|Totality on board the MS Zaandam |File:Total_Eclipse_2024_Mazatlán.jpg|Totality as seen from Mazatlán, Sinaloa |File:April 8 2024 eclipse totality seen from Durango, Mexico.jpg|Totality as seen from Victoria de Durango, Durango |File:Eclipse sobre las dunas de Bilbao (Viesca, Coahuila).jpg|Totality as seen from Viesca, Coahuila |File:2024 Total Solar Eclipse (NHQ202404080101).jpg|Totality as seen from Dallas, Texas |File:Totality as seen from Russellville.jpg|Totality as seen from Russellville, Arkansas |File:Eclipse and Venus, April 8, 2024.jpg|Totality with Venus near the lower right corner, as seen from Vienna, Illinois |File:Solar Eclipse Totality (April 8, 2024) by Bella Taylor.jpg|Totality as seen from Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Illinois |File:2024 Eclipse Totality from Speedway, IN.jpg|Totality as seen from Speedway, Indiana |File:Solar eclipse of April 2024 from Indianapolis.jpg|Totality as seen from Indianapolis, Indiana |File:2024 Total Solar Eclipse (GRC-2024-C-02639).jpg|Totality as seen from Cleveland, Ohio |File:2024 eclipse totality from Harborcreek, PA.jpg|Totality as seen from Harborcreek, Pennsylvania |File:Solar eclipse at James N. Allan Provincial Park - 2024 - 01.jpg|Totality as seen from James N. Allan Provincial Park, Ontario |File:Eclipse-2024-newport-vt-kloch-crop.jpg|Quadcopter transits during totality from Newport, Vermont |File:Solar Eclipse from Moosehead Lake.jpg|Totality as seen from Greenville, Maine |File:Total Solar Eclipse over Jackman, Maine.jpg|Totality as seen from Jackman, Maine

Total with scenery

|File:Totality 2024 Evansville IN Horizon.jpg|Totality with Venus over Evansville, Indiana |File:Solar Eclipse Totality from IMS.jpg|Totality over the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's flag stand |File:Total eclipse sidney.jpg|Totality over Sidney, Ohio |File:Norwalk total eclipse.jpg|Overhead view of downtown Norwalk, Ohio during totality |File:Totality Ripley NY.jpg|Totality over Ripley, New York |File:2024 Solar Eclipse Totality in Newport, VT.jpg|Totality over Derby, Vermont

Partial

|File:Partial Solar Eclipse Nuevo Leon MX.jpg|Partial as seen from San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León |File:Solar eclipse apr 8 2024 santa ana ca.jpg|Partial as seen from Santa Ana, California |File:2024 Total Solar Eclipse (NHQ202404080305).jpg|Partial as seen from Indianapolis, Indiana |File:2024 Eclipse Lexington KY.png|Partial as seen from Lexington, Kentucky |File:2024 Total Solar Eclipse (NHQ202404080201).jpg|Partial as seen from Washington, D.C. above the Washington Monument |File:Partial Solar Eclipse of 2024.jpg|Partial as seen from Southeastern Pennsylvania |File:NJ Partial Solar Eclipse 04-08-24.jpg|Partial as seen from Plainfield, New Jersey |File:Partial Solar Eclipse over Jackman, Maine.jpg|Partial as seen from Jackman, Maine |File:Near total eclipse viewed from Central Elgin, Ontario.jpg|Partial as seen from Dexter, Ontario |File:Solar eclipse, viewed from Montreal, 3 - Partial (after totality) - 00013.jpg|Post-totality diamond-ring effect as seen from Montreal, Quebec

Composites

|File:Total Solar Eclipse Apr 2024 sequence Vincennes Indiana.jpg| Eclipse progression as seen from Vincennes, Indiana |File:Indianapolis Total Eclipse Composite.jpg|Eclipse progression as seen from Indianapolis, Indiana |File:Baily's Beads 2nd Contact.jpg|Eclipse progression from Baily's beads to totality as seen from Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario |File:Path to Totality in Cleveland (53650459062).jpg|Eclipse progression to totality as seen from Cleveland, Ohio |File:Eclipse progression as seen from Newport, Vermont.jpg|Eclipse progression as seen from Newport, Vermont |File:2024 Total Solar Eclipse Corona.jpg|Composite image of totality as seen from Sherbrooke, Quebec reveals the corona |File:Solar eclipse on April 8, 2024 in Québec city, pano no mirror version.jpg|Eclipse progression as seen from Québec City, Quebec

Projections

|File:Eclipse solar del 8 de abril desde Puebla.jpg|Photograph of the eclipse projected with binoculars in Puebla, Mexico |File:Sombra abril Puebla.webm|Video of the eclipse projected through the leaves of a tree in Puebla |File:Solar eclipse crescent shadows, College Station TX.jpg|Leaf shadow projection of the eclipse in College Station, Texas |File:2024 April 8 eclipse through pinhole camera.jpg|Cardboard box pinhole projection of the eclipse in Dallas, Texas |File:Solar eclipse April 8 2024 Arkansas.jpg|Camera obscura projection of the eclipse in Danville, Arkansas |File:Colandereclipse2024.jpg|Colander projection of the eclipse in Corning, Arkansas |File:Interlaced finger projection of the April 8, 2024 solar eclipse.jpg|Interlaced finger projection of the eclipse in Marion, Illinois

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the Moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.

Eclipse season

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 2024

• A penumbral lunar eclipse on March 25.
• A total solar eclipse on April 8.
• A partial lunar eclipse on September 18.
• An annular solar eclipse on October 2.

Metonic

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 26, 2028

Tzolkinex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of February 26, 2017
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 21, 2031

Half-Saros

• Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of April 4, 2015
• Followed by: Lunar eclipse of April 14, 2033

Tritos

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of May 10, 2013
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 9, 2035

Solar Saros 139

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2042

Inex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 29, 1995
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 20, 2053

Triad

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 8, 1937
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of February 8, 2111

Solar eclipses of 2022–2025

Saros 139

Metonic series

Tritos series

Inex series

Notes

References

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