Sliced bread

History

Otto Frederick Rohwedder of Davenport, Iowa, United States, invented the first single loaf bread-slicing machine. A prototype he built in 1912 was destroyed in a fire,{{Cite book

St. Louis baker Gustav Papendick bought Rohwedder's second bread slicer and set out to improve it by devising a way to keep the slices together at least long enough to allow the loaves to be wrapped.

W.E. Long, who promoted the Holsum Bread brand, used by various independent bakers around the country, pioneered and promoted the packaging of sliced bread, beginning in 1928. In 1930, Wonder Bread, first sold in 1925, started marketing sliced bread nationwide.

In the United Kingdom, the first slicing and wrapping machine was installed in the Wonderloaf Bakery in Tottenham, London, in 1937. By the 1950s around 80% of bread sold in Britain was pre-sliced.

Effects

As commercially sliced bread resulted in uniform and somewhat thinner slices, people ate more slices of bread at a time. They also ate bread more frequently, because of the ease of getting and eating another piece of bread. This increased consumption of bread and, in turn, increased consumption of spreads, such as jam, to put on the bread.

1943 U.S. ban

In 1943, U.S. officials imposed a short-lived ban on sliced bread as a wartime conservation measure. The ban was ordered by Secretary of Agriculture Claude R. Wickard, who held the position of Food Administrator, and took effect on January 18, 1943. According to The New York Times, officials explained that "the ready-sliced loaf must have a heavier wrapping than an unsliced one if it is not to dry out." It was also intended to counteract a rise in the price of bread, caused by the Office of Price Administration's authorization of a ten percent increase in flour prices.

In a Sunday radio address on January 24th, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia suggested that bakeries that had their own bread-slicing machines should be allowed to continue to use them, and on January 26th, 1943, a letter appeared in The New York Times from a distraught housewife:

On January 26th, however, John F. Conaboy, the New York Area Supervisor of the Food Distribution Administration, warned bakeries, delicatessens, and other stores that were continuing to slice bread to stop, saying that "to protect the cooperating bakeries against the unfair competition of those who continue to slice their own bread... we are prepared to take stern measures if necessary."

On March 8th, 1943, the ban was rescinded. While public outcry is generally credited for the reversal, Wickard stated that "Our experience with the order, however, leads us to believe that the savings are not as much as we expected, and the War Production Board tells us that sufficient wax paper to wrap sliced bread for four months is in the hands of paper processor and the baking industry."

Around the world

Due to its convenience, sliced bread is popular in many parts of the world, and the usual thickness varies by company and country:

• In the United Kingdom, sliced bread is sold as "Extra Thick", "Thick", "Medium" or "Thin", ranging from 16 mm down to 10 mm.
• In the Republic of Ireland, the most popular bread type is known as "sliced pan", sold in 800- or 400-gram loaves, wrapped in wax paper.
• In Japan, the same half-loaf of bread is labeled by the number of slices it is cut into (commonly a four or six cut, but also eight or ten), meaning a higher number is a thinner cut. Whole cut loaves are rarely seen. Thin sliced crustless "sandwich bread" is also sold in Japan, since regular four–six slice bread is deemed too thick.
• In Canada and the United States, Texas toast is a type of packaged bread sliced twice as thick as most sliced bread.
• In Australia most sliced bread slices are about 18 mm thick, known as "toast" thickness, while 12–13 mm is known as "sandwich". Less common is "café" thickness, about 24 mm.

In popular culture

The phrase "the greatest thing since sliced bread" is a common idiom used to praise an invention or development. A writer for The Kansas City Star wrote that "the phrase is the ultimate depiction of innovative achievement and American know-how."

In 1933, an advertisement for a bread offering thick and thin slices in the same loaf called it "the first improvement since sliced bread". In 1940, a package of bread consisting of two wrapped sliced half-loaves was advertised as the "greatest convenience since sliced bread".

References

References

1. (July 7, 2015). "How Sliced Bread Became the 'Greatest Thing'".
2. "Modern History of Bread - 20th Century UK".
3. (July 7, 2008). "Sliced Bread Turns 80 Years Old". Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune.
4. Wenske, Paul. "[http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/ABOUT-WORDS/2004-01/1074732264 History of sliced bread little known on 75th anniversary]". Kansas City Star, July 28, 2003.
5. After failures trying [[rubber band]]s and metal pins, he settled on placing the slices into a [[Paperboard. cardboard]] tray. The tray aligned the slices, allowing mechanized wrapping machines to function.Hammack, William. (2003). Commentary from Bill Hammack's Engineering and Life radio program. [http://www.engineerguy.com/comm/4263.htm Text available] from Engineerguy.com. Retrieved September 21, 2006.
6. [http://www.holsum.com/history.shtml Holsum – History] {{webarchive. link. (January 10, 2007)
7. Shaw, Alan. (July 6, 2017). "On this day in 1928, the first sliced bread was sold".
8. Levenstein, Harvey (2003). ''Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America''. University of California Press, p. 82.
9. Burton, Bill. "[http://www.bayweekly.com/year01/issue9_4/burton9_4.html Liberty: Best Thing Since Sliced Bread]". Bay City Weekly, January 25, 2001. {{webarchive. link. (October 13, 2006)
10. (March 6, 1943). "Sliced Bread Put Back on Sale; Housewives' Thumbs Safe Again". [[The New York Times]].
11. Forrester, Sue. (January 26, 1943). "Ready-Sliced Bread Favored". The New York Times.
12. (January 26, 1943). "Bread-Slicing Ban Extended Further". The New York Times.
13. Knapman, Joshua. (2017-10-18). "Brace's has changed its bread because it wasn't thick enough".
14. Monaghan, Gabrielle. (September 2024). "Scientists in Cork find a way to keep bread fresher". Times Online.
15. "Wax Paper".
16. Tammy. (July 9, 2009). "Familiar Products at Japanese Supermarkets".
17. Hatic, Dana. (2018-06-21). "What's So Texan About Texas Toast?".
18. "Atlas Single and Dual Head Bread Slicers". Australian Bread and Pizzeria Atlas.
19. (July 29, 2003). "History of sliced bread little known on 75th anniversary". [[The Kansas City Star]].
20. "Origin of the Phrase 'The Best Thing Since Sliced Bread'".
21. [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/12018684/ Advertisement for Southern Sliced Bread "Twin-Pack"] ''The Bee'' (Danville, Virginia), 1940-02-23, p. 3