Skew and direct sums of permutations

Examples

The skew sum of the permutations π = 2413 and σ = 35142 is 796835142 (the last five entries are equal to σ, while the first four entries come from shifting the entries of π) while their direct sum is 241379586 (the first four entries are equal to π, while the last five come from shifting the entries of σ).

Sums of permutations as [[matrix (mathematics)|matrices]]

If M**π and M**σ are the permutation matrices corresponding to π and σ, respectively, then the permutation matrix M_{\pi \ominus \sigma} corresponding to the skew sum \pi \ominus \sigma is given by

: M_{\pi \ominus \sigma} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & M_\pi \ M_\sigma & 0 \end{bmatrix},

and the permutation matrix M_{\pi \oplus \sigma} corresponding to the direct sum \pi \oplus \sigma is given by

: M_{\pi \oplus \sigma} = \begin{bmatrix} M_\pi & 0 \ 0 & M_\sigma \end{bmatrix},

where here the symbol "0" is used to represent rectangular blocks of zero entries. Following the example of the preceding section, we have (suppressing all 0 entries) that

:M_{2413} = \begin{bmatrix} &1&& \ &&&1 \ 1&&& \ &&1& \end{bmatrix}, M_{35142} = \begin{bmatrix} &&1&& \ &&&&1 \ 1&&&& \ &&&1& \ &1&&&\end{bmatrix}, :M_{2413\ominus35142} = M_{796835142} = \begin{bmatrix} &&&&&&1&&& \ &&&&&&&&1 \ &&&&&1&&& \ &&&&&&&1& \&&1&&&&&& \ &&&&1&&&& \ 1&&&&&&&& \ &&&1&&&&& \ &1&&&&&&&\end{bmatrix} and :M_{2413\oplus35142} = M_{241379586} = \begin{bmatrix} &1&&&&&&& \ &&&1&&&&& \ 1&&&&&&&& \ &&1&&&&&& \ &&&&&&1&& \ &&&&&&&&1 \ &&&&1&&&& \ &&&&&&&1& \ &&&&&1&&&\end{bmatrix} .

Role in pattern avoidance

Skew and direct sums of permutations appear (among other places) in the study of pattern avoidance in permutations. Breaking permutations down as skew and/or direct sums of a maximal number of parts (that is, decomposing into indecomposable parts) is one of several possible techniques used to study the structure of, and so to enumerate, pattern classes.

Permutations whose decomposition by skew and direct sums into a maximal number of parts, that is, can be built up from the permutations (1), are called separable permutations; they arise in the study of sortability theory, and can also be characterized as permutations avoiding the permutation patterns 2413 and 3142.

Properties

The skew and direct sums are associative but not commutative, and they do not associate with each other (i.e., for permutations \pi, \sigma and \tau we typically have \pi \oplus(\sigma \ominus \tau) \neq (\pi \oplus \sigma) \ominus \tau).

Given permutations \pi and σ, we have

:(\pi \oplus \sigma)^{-1} = \pi ^{-1} \oplus \sigma^{-1} and (\pi \ominus \sigma)^{-1} = \sigma^{-1} \ominus \pi ^{-1}.

Given a permutation \pi, define its reverse \operatorname{rev}(\pi) to be the permutation whose entries appear in the opposite order of those of \pi when written in one-line notation; for example, the reverse of 25143 is 34152. (As permutation matrices, this operation is reflection across a horizontal axis.) Then the skew and direct sums of permutations are related by

: \pi \oplus \sigma = \operatorname{rev}(\operatorname{rev}(\sigma) \ominus \operatorname{rev}(\pi)).

References

References

1. [[Michael H. Albert. Michael Albert]] and [[Michael D. Atkinson. M. D. Atkinson]], Pattern classes and priority queues, {{arXiv. 1202.1542v1
2. [[Michael D. Atkinson. M. D. Atkinson]], [[Bruce Sagan. Bruce E. Sagan]], Vincent Vatter, Counting (3+1)-Avoiding permutations, European Journal of Combinatorics, {{arXiv. 1102.5568v1
3. [[Michael H. Albert. Michael Albert]] and [[Michael D. Atkinson. M. D. Atkinson]] Simple permutations and pattern restricted permutations. Discrete Math. 300, 1-3 (2005), 1–15.
4. Kitaev, S. (2011) p.57