Sikorsky H-34

Development

In the early 1950s Sikorsky developed the S-58, an improved version of the S-55, which had entered service as the H-19 with the United States. The United States Navy issued a contract in 1952 for the S-58, entering service as the HUS-1, the Army placing a contract in 1955 as the H-34, and the Marine Corp in 1957 (as the HUS-1). In 1962 these names were standardized to H-34, with additional prefixes and letters according to that U.S. designation system. Westland had already made a version of the predecessor of the S-58, the S-55 as the Westland Whirlwind, and they would go on to make a turbine powered version of the S-56 as the Westland Wessex.

The Sikorsky S-58 was developed as a lengthened and more powerful version of the Sikorsky Model S-55, or UH-19 Chickasaw, with a similar nose, but with a tail-dragger rear fuselage and landing gear, rather than the high-tail, 4-post pattern. It retained the nose-mounted radial reciprocating engine with the drive shaft passing through the cockpit placed high above the cargo compartment.

The aircraft first flew on 8 March 1954. The first production aircraft was ready in September and entered in service for the United States Navy initially designated HSS-1 Seabat (in its anti-submarine configuration) and HUS-1 Seahorse (in its utility transport configuration) under the U.S. Navy designation system for U.S. Navy, United States Marine Corps (USMC) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) aircraft. The U.S. Army and Marine Corps, respectively, ordered it in 1955 and 1957. Under the United States Army's aircraft designation system, also used by the United States Air Force, the helicopter was designated H-34. The U.S. Army also applied the name Choctaw to the helicopter. In 1962, under the new unified DoD aircraft designation system, the Seabat was redesignated SH-34, the Seahorse as the UH-34, and the Choctaw as the CH-34.

Roles included utility transport, anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, and VIP transport. In its standard configuration, transport versions could carry 12 to 16 troops, or eight stretcher cases if utilized in the MedEvac role, while VIP transports carried significantly fewer people in much greater comfort.

A total of 135 H-34s were built in the US and assembled by Sud-Aviation in France, 166 were produced under licence in France by Sud-Aviation for the French Air Force.

The CH-34 was also built and developed under license from 1958 in the United Kingdom by Westland Aircraft as the turboshaft engined Wessex which was used by the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. The RN Wessex was fitted out with weapons and ASW equipment for use in an antisubmarine role. The RAF used the Wessex, with turboshaft engines, as an air/sea rescue helicopter and as troop transporter. Wessexes were also exported to other countries and produced for civilian use.

Operational history

Entering service in the 1950s, the type served numerous roles in the late 20th century.

The type was internationally and commercially.

Algerian War

Main article: Algerian War

The helicopters used by the French Air Force, including the Sikorsky H-34, aggregated over 190,000 flying hours in Algeria (over 87,000 for the H-21 alone) and helped to evacuate over 20,000 French combatants from the combat area, including nearly 2,200 at night. By the time the war in Algeria had ended, eight officers and 23 non-commissioned officers had been killed.

The use of armed helicopters during the Algerian War, coupled with helicopter transports which can insert troops into enemy territory, gave birth to some of the modern tactics of airmobile warfare.

Vietnam War

French evaluations on the reported ground fire vulnerabilities of the CH-34 may have influenced the U.S. Army's decision to deploy the CH-21 Shawnee to Vietnam instead of the CH-34, pending the introduction into widespread service of the Bell UH-1 Iroquois. U.S. Army H-34s did not participate in Vietnam, and did not fly in the assault helicopter role, but a quantity were supplied to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF). These saw little use due to a lack of spare parts and maintenance.

Its higher availability and reliability due to its simplicity compared to the newer helicopters led Marines to ask for it by name. The phrases "give me a HUS", "get me a HUS" and "cut me a HUS" entered the U.S. Marine Corps vernacular, being used even after the type was no longer in use to mean "help me out".

USMC H-34s were also among the first helicopter gunships trialled in theatre, being fitted with the Temporary Kit-1 (TK-1), comprising two M60C machine guns and two 19-shot 2.75 inch rocket pods. The operations were met with mixed enthusiasm, and the armed H-34s, known as "Stingers" were quickly phased out. The TK-1 kit would form the basis of the TK-2 kit used on the UH-1E helicopters of the USMC.

An H-34 was featured in the famous early-Vietnam War Time-Life photo essay "One Ride With Yankee Papa 13", photographer Larry Burrows, which depicted stages of a disastrous combat mission in which several crew were wounded or killed.

Post-Vietnam War

The H-34 remained in service with United States Army and Marine Corps aviation units into the late 1960s; at this time it was also standard equipment in Marine Corps Reserve, Army Reserve and Army National Guard aviation units, eventually being replaced by the UH-1 Iroquois utility helicopter. Sikorsky terminated all production activities in 1968, a total of 1,821 having been built. All H-34 helicopters were retired from service in the U.S. military by the early 1970s; the type having the distinction of being the last piston-engined helicopter to be operated by the Marine Corps. On 3 September 1973, the last flight of a USMC UH-34 occurred as Bureau Number 147191 which had been formally assigned to Headquarters Squadron, FMF Pacific was flown from Quantico, Virginia to MCAS New River to be placed on static display.

France

France purchased an initial batch of 134 Choctaws; these were shipped in kit-form from the United States and locally assembled by Sud-Aviation. Later, a further 166 were domestically manufactured by Sud-Aviation; these were operated by theFrench Naval Aviation (Navy) and Air force.

United Kingdom

Main article: Westland Wessex

The Wessex was used as an anti-submarine and utility helicopter with the Royal Navy and as a transport and search and rescue helicopter with the Royal Air Force. British Wessex saw action in several conflicts: Falklands, Oman, Borneo, Aden, etc.

The twin-turbine Wessex served into the 21st century, and was one of the longest serving and successful of the H-34 types.

South Vietnam

Used by RVNAF 219th Squadron to insert MACV-SOG reconnaissance teams into Laos. The H-34 was the primary RVNAF helicopter until replaced by the Bell UH-1 Huey.

Israel

Israeli S-58s flew numerous combat missions after the end of the Six-Day War; these missions were mainly against Palestinians infiltrating Israel or against their bases in Jordan. On 21 March 1968, various S-58s participated in the Battle of Karameh, bringing Israeli troops in and out of the theatre as well as evacuating the wounded. This was the last operation of the S-58 as it was retired shortly later, having been replaced by the newer Bell 205 and Aérospatiale Super Frelon.

Civilian use

The H-34's lift capacity was just sufficient to lift a Mercury space capsule. In 1961, the hatch of Mercury-Redstone 4 was prematurely detached and the capsule was filled with seawater. The extra weight was too much for the H-34 and the capsule, Liberty Bell 7, was emergency released and sank in deep water, remaining on the ocean floor until 1999.

Sikorsky set up a production line in 1970 to remanufacture existing S-58 aircraft into the S-58T configuration, replacing the R-1820 engine with a pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3 Twin-Pac turboshafts; Sikorsky obtained a Federal Aviation Administration type certificate for the conversion in April 1971. The conversion enhanced safety, allowing the aircraft to continue flight after an engine failure, and greatly improved its hot and high performance; whereas the R-1820 could only provide full power up to an altitude of 700 ft, the paired PT-6s provide full power up to 6000 ft, and an S-58T can fly at maximum gross weight up to 5000 ft. The type certificate for the S-58T was sold to California Helicopter International in 1981.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, S-58T helicopters were operated by New York Helicopters in scheduled passenger airline service between JFK International Airport and East 34th Street Heliport, New York.

In the early 1970s, Orlando Helicopter Airways developed a novel civil conversion of the S-55/H-19, the Heli-Camper, a campervan-like conversion—featuring a built-in mini-kitchen and sleeping accommodations for four. Later in that decade, Orlando developed a larger version based on the S-58 and participated in a joint effort with popular American recreational vehicle (RV) manufacturer Winnebago Industries to market both aircraft as the Winnebago Heli-Home. The S-58 version featured a larger kitchenette, sleeping accommodations for six, a minibar, and an entertainment system; optional floats were offered for amphibious operations. The aircraft were featured in several American popular magazines and reportedly drew large crowds at RV shows and dealerships, but their high purchase price together with rising 1970s fuel prices resulted in very limited sales; production is not well documented but is estimated at only six or seven of the S-55 and S-58 versions combined.

Variants

Pre-1962 USAF/Army designations

;H-34A :U.S. Army version of the HSS-1 powered by a 1,525 hp R-1820-84, re-designated CH-34A in 1962, 359 built and 21 transferred from the U.S. Navy. ;JH-34A :Designation for H-34A used for weapon tests. ;VH-34A :Staff transport conversions of H-34A. ;H-34B :H-34As converted with detail changes, became CH-34B in 1962. ;H-34C :H-34B design with detail changes converted from H-34As, became CH-34C in 1962.

US Navy designations

;XHSS-1 Seabat :Three Sikorsky S-58s for evaluation by the U.S. Navy, re-designated YHSS-1 then YSH-34G in 1962. ;HSS-1 Seabat :Production Anti-Submarine model for the U.S. Navy, re-designated SH-34G in 1962, 215 built ;HSS-1F Seabat :One HSS-1 re-engined with two YT-58-GE as a flying test bed, re-designated SH-34H in 1962. ;YHSS-1N Seabat :One HSS-1 converted as the HSS-1N prototype, re-designated YSH-34J in 1962. ;HSS-1N Seabat :Night/Bad weather version of the HSS-1 with improved avionics and autopilot, re-designated SH-34J in 1962, 167 built (an addition 75 HSS-1 airframes were built to CH-34C standard for West Germany). ;HUS-1 Seahorse :Utility transport version of the HSS-1 for the U.S. Marine Corps, re-designated UH-34D in 1962, 462 built ;HUS-1A Seahorse :Forty HUS-1s fitted with amphibious pontoons, re-designated UH-34E in 1962. ;HUS-1G Seahorse :United States Coast Guard version of the HUS-1, re-designated HH-34F in 1962, six built. ;HUS-1L Seahorse :Four HUS-1s converted for Antarctic operations with VXE-6, re-designated LH-34D in 1962. ;HUS-1Z Seahorse :Seven HUS-1s fitted with VIP interior for the Executive Flight Detachment, re-designated VH-34D in 1962.

Post-1962 Tri-Service designations

;CH-34A :H-34A re-designated in 1962 ;CH-34B :H-34B re-designated in 1962 ;CH-34C :H-34C re-designated in 1962 ;JH-34C :Designation for CH-34C used for weapon tests. ;VH-34C :Staff transport conversions of CH-34C. ;HH-34D :Designation applied to aircraft given USAF serials to be transferred under MAP and MDAP. ;LH-34D :HUS-1L re-designated in 1962 ;UH-34D :HUS-1 re-designated in 1962 and 54 new build. ;VH-34D :HUS-1Z re-designated in 1962 ;UH-34E :HUS-1A re-designated in 1962 ;HH-34F :HUS-1G re-designated in 1962 ;YSH-34G :YHSS-1 re-designated in 1962 ;SH-34G :HSS-1 re-designated in 1962 ;SH-34H :HSS-1F re-designated in 1962

;YSH-34J :YHSS-1N re-designated in 1962 ;SH-34J :HSS-1N re-designated in 1962 ;UH-34J :SH-34J without ASW equipment for cargo and training purposes. ;HH-34J :Ex-USN UH-34Js operated by the U.S. Air Force ;VH-34J :Staff transport conversions of SH-34J.

Canadian designations

;CH-126 :Canadian military designation for the S-58B.

Thai designations

;H.4 :() Royal Thai Armed Forces designation for the H-34B. ;H.4A :() Royal Thai Armed Forces designation for the S-58T.

Civil variants

;S-58A :Commercial designation for basic cargo variant, certified in 1956 ;S-58B :Commercial designation for improved cargo variant, certified in 1956

;S-58C :Commercial passenger transport/airliner version, certified in 1956

;S-58D :Commercial airliner/freighter version, certified in 1961 ;S-58E :Certified in 1971 ;S-58F :Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58B. ;S-58G :Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58C. ;S-58H :Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58D. ;S-58J :Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58E ;S-58T :Commercial conversion to turboshaft power using Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3 Twin-Pac turboshaft with special nose cowling featuring distinctive twin rectangular air intakes, designations relate to original model: ;S-58BT :Turboshaft-powered conversion of the S-58B ;S-58DT :Turboshaft-powered conversion of the S-58D ;S-58ET :Turboshaft-powered conversion of the S-58E ;S-58FT :Turboshaft-powered conversion of the S-58F ;S-58HT :Turboshaft-powered conversion of the S-58H ;S-58JT :Turboshaft-powered conversion of the S-58J ;Orlando Heli-Camper / Winnebago Heli-Home :RV conversion by Winnebago Industries and Orlando Helicopter, fitted with a Wright Cyclone R-1820-24 engine ;Orlando Airliner :Commercial conversion. 18-seat passenger transport helicopter.

Licensed variants

;Westland Wessex : Licence production and development in the United Kingdom.

Operators

;

• Argentine Air Force
• Argentine Naval Aviation ;
• Belgian Air Force
• Belgian Navy ;
• Brazilian Navy ;
• Royal Canadian Air Force
• Canadian Armed Forces ;
• Chilean Navy ;
• Ministry of Public Security

;

• French Army
• French Navy

;

• German Air Force
• German Army
• German Navy ;
• Haitian Air Corps ;
• Indonesian Air Force ;
• Italian Air Force ;
• Israeli Air Force ;
• Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ;Khmer Republic
• Khmer Air Force ; Laos Kingdom of Laos
• Royal Lao Air Force ;
• Royal Netherlands Navy ;
• Fuerza Aérea Sandinista ; Philippines
• Philippine Air Force ; Spain
• Spain ; South Vietnam
• Republic of Vietnam Air Force ;
• Republic of China Army

;

• Royal Thai Air Force ;
• Air America
• United States Air Force
• United States Army
• United States Marine Corps
• United States Navy
• United States Coast Guard ;
• Uruguayan Navy

Accidents and incidents

• 27 July 1960 Chicago Helicopter Airways Flight 698 a S-58C registered N879 crashed into Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Illinois, United States with the loss of 11 passengers and two crew. The investigation concluded that the helicopter became uncontrollable as a result of structural disintegration in flight caused by a fatigue failure of the main rotor blade.
• 14 November 1971 Sikorsky SH-34J, A-062 of the Uruguayan Navy lost control after trying to lift a ground vehicle in an airshow, the helicopter fell to the ground hitting another Sikorsky SH-34J Helicopter. The broken blades flew directly into the audience of the airshow killing 8 people and severely injuring and mutilating at least 40 more. Due to the unstable political situation of the country at the time, no investigation followed the accident. Several years later, many irregularities came to light: The helicopter condition was not good when it was purchased by the Uruguayan Navy, fuel used was not appropriate, temperature on the day of the accident was too high to attempt a heavy lift, and the co-pilot of the helicopter was a fixed wing pilot with no experience in rotary wing aircraft.
• 10 July 2002 Sikorsky S-58ET, N580US (S/N 58-1673, built 1963), struck power transmission lines with its tailwheel, ripping the aircraft in two, over Brookville Lake, Indiana. One crew member was killed; the other two crew members were rescued by boaters. The aircraft was operated by Midwest Helicopter Airways of Hinsdale, Illinois, and registered to Midwest Truxton International of Burr Ridge, Illinois. "Based on interviews with witnesses and the surviving pilots, there was no indication of any mechanical failure," said SGT. Steve Comer of the Indiana State Police. NTSB Accident Report #CHI02FA189
• 13 March 2011 Sikorsky S-58ET, N33602, suffered an engine failure, descended and veered off the side of an office building in El Segundo, California while lifting an external air conditioning unit from the roof. The commercial pilot was seriously injured and the helicopter was substantially damaged and consumed by a post-impact fire. The helicopter was registered to Heli Flight, Inc., and operated by Aris Helicopters.

Aircraft on display

Canada

• 130761 – H34C in storage at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwn, Alberta.

Chile

• Naval 52 – SH-34J on static display at Viña del Mar Airport in Viña del Mar, Valparaíso. This airframe was the second of two received by the Chilean Navy and was exhibited for the first time after restoration at Exponaval 2014. It was previously on display at Alberto Widmer High School.

France

• HSS-1, No. 182, is on display at the Base d'aéronautique navale d'Hyères, the military part of the Toulon–Hyères Airport in France. Serving until 1977 with 31F squadron, it was one of the last operational H-34's in French Naval Aviation. Now restored, No. 182 is displayed in the typical navy blue color of the French navy's helicopters of this time period.

Germany

• 80+73 – SH-34G on static display at the Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim in Oberschleißheim, Bavaria.
• 81+09 – H-34 GIII on static display at the Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Bückeburg, Lower Saxony.
• 58-0356 – S-58C on static display at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg.

Indonesia

• [[File:UH-34-Sikorsky.jpg|thumb|Indonesian Air Force UH-34 number H-3402 inside [[Dirgantara Mandala Museum]] in Yogyakarta (Java Island, Indonesia)]]H-3402 – UH-34 on static display at Dirgantara Mandala Museum in Yogyakarta.
• H-3404 – S-58T on static display outside Dirgantara Mandala Museum in Yogyakarta.
• H-3415 – S-58T on static display in front of Atang Senjaya airbase in Bogor.

Netherlands

• A former Royal Netherlands Navy SH-34J Seabat bearing the markings of number 134 operating from Valkenburg naval air station is on display with folded rotor blades and tail in the newly opened "Nationaal Militair Museum" situated at the former airbase of Soesterberg. Previously the aircraft was displayed in the National Air Force museum at Kamp Zeist which has since closed down.

Thailand

• H4k-64/30 – Type 4A on static display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok, Bangkok.
• Unknown ID – Type 4 on static display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok, Bangkok.

Philippines

• 153131 – UH-34D on static display at the Philippine Air Force Aerospace Museum in Villamor Air Base, Pasay.

United States

• 138460 – UH-34D on static display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
• 143937 – UH-34D on static display at the Estrella Warbirds Museum in Paso Robles, California.
• 143939 – H-34A on static display at the USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California.
• 145694 – UH-34J on static display at the Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This airframe was built in October 1958 and restored in April 1995.
• 145717 – LH-34D on static display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
• 145728 - HUS-1A Seahorse on static display in original Navy colors at the Texas Air Museum - Stinson Chapter on Stinson Municipal Airport in San AntonioTexas
• 147171 – UH-34D on static display in the Vietnam display next to at the Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum in Charleston, South Carolina.
• 147173 – UH-34D in storage at the Connecticut Air & Space Center in Stratford, Connecticut.
• 147191 – VH-34D is on static display at the New River Aviation Memorial at the front gate of Marine Corps Air Station New River in Jacksonville, North Carolina. This airframe was the last flying US Marine Corps H-34 in 1973.
• 148002 – SH-34J on static display at the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum in Pueblo, Colorado.
• 148764 – UH-34D on static display at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth (former Carswell AFB) near Fort Worth, Texas.
• 148768 – UH-34D on static display at the American Helicopter Museum & Education Center in West Chester, Pennsylvania
• 148963 – HH-34J on static display at the Pacific Aviation Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii.
• 150213 – UH-34D on static display at Fort Worth Aviation Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. Previously at Cavanaugh Flight Museum.
• 150219 – UH-34D on static display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego, California.
• 150227 – UH-34D on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
• 150255 – UH-34D on static display at the Wings and Rotors Air Museum in Murrieta, California.

• 150553 – UH-34D on static display at the USS Hornet Museum at the former Naval Air Station Alameda in Alameda, California. This airframe entered service in August 1963 and was donated to the museum in 2003 by the Pima Air and Space Museum.
• 150570 – UH-34D on static display at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia.
• 154895 – UH-34D on static display at the Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.
• 53-4477 – CH-34G on static display at the Air Force Flight Test Center Museum at Edwards Air Force base in Edwards, California.
• 53-4526 – CH-34A in storage at the United States Army Aviation Museum near Daleville, Alabama.
• 53-4544 – CH-34C on static display at the Camp San Luis Obispo Museum and Historical Site in San Luis Obispo, California.
• 54-0914 – CH-34C on static display at the Russell Military Museum in Zion, Illinois.
• 55-4496 – CH-34C in storage at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina. This airframe was previously on display at the Florence Air & Missile Museum in Florence, South Carolina.
• 56-4320 – VH-34C on static display at the United States Army Aviation Museum near Daleville, Alabama.
• 57-1684 – VH-34C on static display at the Pima Air and Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.
• 57-1698 – CH-34A on static display at the Allegheny Arms & Armor Museum in Smethport, Pennsylvania. This airframe was previously on display at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York, New York.
• 57-1705 – CH-34C on static display at Travis Air Force Base near Fairfield, California.

• 57-1708 – CH-34C on static display at the Pacific Coast Air Museum in Santa Rosa, California.
• 57-1725 – VH-34C on static display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum near Newport News, Virginia.

Specifications (H-34 Choctaw)

|prime units?=imp General characteristics

:::56 ft rotors turning |max takeoff weight lb=13300 |max takeoff weight note= Powerplant

::::1275 hp METO for 5 minutes

• Blade section: – NACA 0012 Performance -- |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed note=

• Hover ceiling IGE: 9600 ft (H-34A)

• Hover ceiling OGE: 5500 ft (H-34A)

• Vertical rate of climb: 600 ft/min at sea level |disk loading lb/sqft= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass= Armament --

Notable appearances in media

Main article: Aircraft in fiction#CH-34 Choctaw / Westland Wessex

Notes

Bibliography

• Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. .
• Duke, R.A. Helicopter Operations in Algeria [Translated French]. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1959.
• Fails, William R. Marines & Helicopters, 1962–1973. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing, 1995. .
• Griffin, John A. Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920–1968. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Queen's Printer, Publication No. 69-2, 1969.
• Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide To the Israeli Air Force. London: Salamander Books, 1982. .
• Leuliette, Pierre. St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
• Mesko, Jim: Airmobile: The Helicopter War in Vietnam. Carollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984. .
• Riley, David. "French Helicopter Operations in Algeria." Marine Corps Gazette, February 1958, pp. 21–26.
• Shrader, Charles R. The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954–1962. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1999. .
• Spenser, Jay P. Whirlybirds: A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1998. .

References

1. [http://www.uswarplanes.net/h34.html "H-34."] {{Webarchive. link. (2016-12-11 ''Warplanes.net.'' Retrieved: 19 May 2024.)
2. "Sikorsky S-58 – Igor I Sikorsky Historical Archives".
3. "Sikorsky S-55, S-56, & S-58".
4. [http://histoire-militaire.pagesperso-orange.fr/aviation/helicoalgerie.htm helicopters during the war in Algeria], Military History
5. Mesko 1984, pp. 4–6.
6. Fails 1995, p. 9.
7. Burrows, Larry. (16 April 1965). "One Ride With Yankee Papa 13".
8. Endres, Günter G. ''Jane's Helicopter Markets and Systems''. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1996. {{ISBN. 978-0-7106-1363-9.
9. Fails 1995, p. 127.
10. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141214025246/http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Marines%20and%20Helicopters%201962-1973%20%20PCN%2019000307400_2.pdf MARINES AND HELICOPTERS, 1962–1973], pp.127–128, retrieved 9 December 2014.
11. https://www.museeairespace.fr/aller-plus-haut/collections/sikorsky-h-34a/
12. Across The Fence, John Stryker Meyer
13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925061100/http://www.dtic.mil/srch/doc?collection=t3&id=ADA439993 ''The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951–1975. An Analysis of Its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh Tang. Volume 3, USAF Southeast Asia monograph series 4 and 5.''] Washington D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985.
14. Gunston 1982, p. 92.
15. Wade, Mark. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090429132855/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/merrymr4.htm "Mercury MR-4."] ''astronautix.com,'' 29 April 2009. Retrieved (from archive): 26 July 2011.
16. (June 2011). "Sikorsky Archives / S-58". Igor Sikorsky Historical Archives.
17. Brown, Allan. [http://www.airliners.net/open.file?id=0235200&WxsIERv=Fvxbefxl%20F-58RG&Wm=0&WdsYXMg=Arj%20Lbex%20Uryvpbcgre&QtODMg=Arj%20Lbex%20-%20Rnfg%2034gu%20Fgerrg%20Uryvcbeg%20%286A5%29&ERDLTkt=HFN%20-%20Arj%20Lbex&ktODMp=1995&BP=1&WNEb25u=Nyna%20Oebja&xsIERvdWdsY=A47781&MgTUQtODMgKE=&YXMgTUQtODMgKERD=1735&NEb25uZWxs=2002-05-12%2000%3A00%3A00&ODJ9dvCE=&O89Dcjdg=58-0855&static=yes&width=1028&height=669&sok=JURER%20%20%28ert%20%3D%20%27A47781%27%29%20%20BEQRE%20OL%20cubgb_vq%20QRFP&photo_nr=1&prev_id=&next_id=0211117 "S-58ET from New York Helicopter."] ''airliners.net.'' Retrieved: 17 January 2011.
18. (November 2012). "S-55/H-19/HO4S/HRS Helicopter". Igor Sikorsky Historical Archives.
19. Chiles, James R.. (January 2012). "The Flying Winnebago". Air & Space Magazine.
20. "Thai Military Aircraft Designations".
21. [http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/1164/ "H-58."] ''Fuerza Aerea Argentina''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
22. (11 July 1968). "World Air Forces 1968".
23. (11 July 1968). "World Air Forces 1968".
24. Griffin, 1969, p.17
25. [http://www.helis.com/database/cn/13396/ "SH-34J."] ''Armada de Chile''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
26. [http://www.airliners.net/photo/Chile---Navy/Sikorsky-HSS-1N-(S-58A)/1854999/L/&sid=03bb603eb478b4a0392904e724aa0948 "Sikorsky-HSS-1N-(S-58A)."] ''Demand media''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
27. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202504.html "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 332.] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
28. (11 July 1968). "World Air Forces 1968".
29. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201043.html "World Air Forces 1971, p. 928."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
30. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202518.html "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 346."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
31. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202358.html "World's Air Forces 2004, p. 65."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
32. (11 July 1968). "World Air Forces 1968".
33. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201208.html "World Air Forces 1968, p. 52 (m)."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
34. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201049.html "=World Air Forces 1971, p. 932."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
35. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201209.html "World Air Forces 1968, p. 53."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
36. (11 July 1968). "World Air Forces 1968".
37. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202534.html "World's Air forces 1981, p. 362."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
38. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201216.html "World Air Forces 1968, p. 60."]''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
39. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202549.html "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 377."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
40. (11 July 1968). "World Air Forces 1968".
41. [http://www.utdallas.edu/library/specialcollections/hac/cataam/Leeker/aircraft/uh341.pdf "Air America: Sikorsky UH-34s (1st series)."] ''utdallas.edu''. Retrieved: 10 August 2014.
42. [http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/1053/ "US Air Force H-34."] ''Helicopter History Site''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
43. [http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-58%20%20HELICOPTER.php "S58 (CH-34, UH-34, VH-34, SH-34, HH-34, S-58A, C, D, S-58T)."] ''Sikorsky Product History''. Retrieved: 5 March 2013.
44. [http://www.helis.com/database/org/us_united_states_coast_guard/History/2 "USCG HH-34.'] ''USCG History''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
45. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202554.html "World's Air Forces 1987, p. 104."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
46. "CAA 429 World Airline Accident Summary with reference to Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report SA-357." ''United Kingdom CAA Document.''
47. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJ61AqZIrdA"Hélices"] ''Prize Awarded Documentary''
48. [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/07/12/helicopter-crash-kills-woodridge-man/ Chicago Tribune: Helicopter crash kills Woodridge man]
49. [https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/78540/pdf National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report], retrieved 19 August 2022
50. "Aviation". Government of Alberta.
51. (8 December 2014). "Presentaron al Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat Naval 52".
52. (August 2008). "Ilustre desconocido v3.0".
53. [http://www.avionslegendaires.net/2012/07/actu/le-sikorsky-de-palyvestre/ "Le Sikorsky de Palyvestre."] ''Avions-légendaire.net'', 29 July 2012. Retrieved: 22 August 2014. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
54. [http://celag.free.fr/helicos/reliques/H-34.htm "Les Sikorsky H-34 et HSS-1."] ''Les hélicoptères anciens en France'', 22 August 2014. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
55. "Sikorsky S-58 (H-34 G)".
56. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 80+73 Marineflieger, c/n 58-1557". AerialVisuals.ca.
57. "Sikorsky S-58 (H-34 GIII)".
58. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 81+09 Heeresfliegertruppe, c/n 58-1679". AerialVisuals.ca.
59. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky S-58C, s/n B-11 FABe, c/n 58-0356, c/r D-HAUF". AerialVisuals.ca.
60. (2015-05-21). "Sikorsky S-58T Twin Pack: Kiprah Helikopter "Codot" TNI AU".
61. (2017-11-23). "Ada Helikopter "Codot" di Museum Dirgantara Mandala Yogyakarta".
62. (2018-03-06). "Gantikan PZL MS-1, Si 'Codot' Jadi Ikon Baru Monumen Lanud Atang Sendjaja".
63. (2018-10-24). "[Photos] The Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw Monument".
64. [https://www.nmm.nl/zoeken-in-de-collectie/detail/471244/ "SH-34J / 134"] {{Webarchive. link. (15 October 2017 ''NMM.'' Retrieved: 14 October 2017)
65. "Building 5:Helicopters and last propeller fighter".
66. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n H4k-64/30 RTAF, c/n 58-1117, c/r N1170U". AerialVisuals.ca.
67. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, c/n 58-1683". AerialVisuals.ca.
68. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 153131 USN, c/n 58-1769". AerialVisuals.ca.
69. "Helicopters". Evergreen Museum.
70. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 138460 USN". AerialVisuals.ca.
71. "Sikorsky UH-34D Choctaw".
72. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34J Seabat, s/n 143937 USN, c/n 58-0707, c/r N85128". AerialVisuals.ca.
73. "H-34 Seabat". USS Midway.
74. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky H-34A Choctaw, s/n 143939 USN, c/n 58-0709". AerialVisuals.ca.
75. "SIKORSKY UH-34D "SEA BAT"". Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum.
76. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat, s/n 145694 USN, c/r N46920". AerialVisuals.ca.
77. "Sikorsky LH-34D (S-58) 'Seabat'".
78. "UH-34D SEAHORSE".
79. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 147171 USN, c/n 58-1087". AerialVisuals.ca.
80. "Sikorsky UH-34D Choctaw".
81. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 147173 USMC, c/r N2252X". AerialVisuals.ca.
82. (1 August 2013). "Squadron restores pre-Vietnam helicopters". GateHouse Media, LLC.
83. "c/n 58-1142".
84. [http://www.pwam.org/aircraftdisplay1.html "SH-34J Sea Horse."] {{webarchive. link. (2016-12-25 ''Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum''. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.)
85. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 148002 USN". AerialVisuals.ca.
86. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky S-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 148764 USMC, c/n 58-1315". AerialVisuals.ca.
87. "Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse".
88. (26 August 2013). "Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw/Seabat/Seahorse".
89. (August 2024). "Aircraft".
90. "Aircraft Listing". Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation.
91. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150219 USN, c/n 58-1559". AerialVisuals.ca.
92. "H-34 SEABAT/SEAHORSE". Naval Aviation Museum Foundation.
93. O'Connell, Jim. [http://www.radiocom.net/vx6/pensacola.htm "Pete VX-6."] ''Radiocom.net.'' Retrieved: 4 September 2012.
94. "SIKORSKY UH-34D".
95. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150255 USMC". AerialVisuals.ca.
96. "Sikorsky UH-34D".
97. "UH-34D Seahorse". USS Hornet.
98. "Sikorsky UH-34D".
99. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150570 USN, c/n 58-1699, c/r N19YN". AerialVisuals.ca.
100. "Aircraft".
101. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 154895 USMC, c/n 58-1805". AerialVisuals.ca.
102. "Aircraft Inventory".
103. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky S-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 57-1726 USAF". AerialVisuals.ca.
104. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 53-4526 US, c/n 58-0088". AerialVisuals.ca.
105. "CH-34 "Choctaw"".
106. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 53-4544 USAF, c/n 58-0106". AerialVisuals.ca.
107. "RUSSELL MILITARY MUSEUM EXHIBITS".
108. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky CH-34C Choctaw, s/n 54-0914 US, c/n 58-0194". AerialVisuals.ca.
109. "Helicopters".
110. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 55-4496 US, c/n 58-0509". AerialVisuals.ca.
111. "c/n 58-509".
112. "Rotary Wing". Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc..
113. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky VH-34C, s/n 56-4320 US, c/n 58-718". AerialVisuals.ca.
114. [http://www.pimaair.org/visit/aircraft-by-name/item/sikorsky-vh-34c-choctaw "Choctaw."] {{Webarchive. link. (14 July 2014 ''Pimaair.org''. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.)
115. "Airframe Dossier –Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 57-1698 USAF, c/n 58-0842, c/r N94485". AerialVisuals.ca.
116. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky CH-34C Choctaw, s/n 57-1705 US". AerialVisuals.ca.
117. "H-34 Choctaw Helicopter".
118. "Airframe Dossier – SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 57-1708 USAF, c/n 58-0868". AerialVisuals.ca.
119. "THE EXECUTIVE FLIGHT DETACHMENT".
120. "Airframe Dossier – Sikorsky VH-34C, s/n 57-1725 US, c/n 58-0910". AerialVisuals.ca.
121. (1958). "Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59". Jane's All the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd..
122. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage".
123. (1990). "U.S. Army aircraft since 1947 : an illustrated directory". Specialty Press.