Siege of Santiago

Santiago campaign

The primary objective of the American Fifth Army Corps' invasion of Cuba was the capture of the city of Santiago de Cuba. U.S. forces had driven back the Spaniards' first line of defense at the Battle of Las Guasimas, after which General Arsenio Linares pulled his troops back to the main line of defense against Santiago along San Juan Heights. In the charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill U.S. forces captured the Spanish position. At the Battle of El Caney the same day, U.S. forces took the fortified Spanish position and were then able to extend the U.S. flank on San Juan Hill. The destruction of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba allowed U.S. forces to safely besiege the city.

Siege

On July 3, 1898, the same day as the naval battle, Major General William "Pecos Bill" Shafter began the siege of Santiago. Shafter fortified his position on San Juan Heights. General Henry W. Lawton's division moved up from El Caney extending the U.S. right flank to the north. To the northwest, Cuban rebels under the command of Calixto Garcia extended the U.S. line to the bay. General Arsenio Linares had been severely wounded at the Battle of San Juan Hill and was replaced by General José Toral y Velázquez. The Spanish also had German military advisors helping to man and operate their artillery. Toral had a good defensive position and Shafter knew he would sustain severe casualties from a frontal assault. All Spanish ships were destroyed bringing forth the reason for surrender.

The Americans began their siege of the city. U.S. artillery sited on the heights pounded the city, while U.S. forces supported by Cuban rebels choked off all water and food supplies to the city. On July 4, a cease fire was enacted to evacuate roughly 20,000 citizens from the city. as was a dynamite gun and sixteen field guns.

On July 8, Toral proposed to surrender Santiago if his troops could be evacuated to Holguin. Washington officials would not accept Toral's proposal and the truce ended on July 10. Shafter was now pressed for time as Yellow fever appeared. Shafter and the U.S. Navy under William T. Sampson continued to bomb the city with little effect militarily. General Miles arrived on July 11 along with several regiments, eight field guns and eight light mortars.

Surrender

Everyone involved wanted a quick end to the campaign, and at 0900 on July 13, Toral, Shafter, Miles and Joseph Wheeler met under a large tree between lines to discuss surrender terms. The Americans proposed Secretary of War Russell A. Alger's offer to repatriate the Spanish garrison to Spain.. The tree is called the Santiago Surrender Tree and it is part of American Battle Monuments Commission

Shafter relied on his friend Dr. George E. Goodfellow's excellent knowledge of Spanish to help negotiate the final surrender after the Battle of San Juan Hill. Goodfellow attributed part of his success to a bottle of "ol' barleycorn" he kept handy in his medical kit which he properly prescribed to himself and Spanish General Toral, lending a more convivial atmosphere to the conference.

On July 16, after both governments agreed to the terms of capitulation ("surrender" was avoided), in which Toral surrendered his garrison and all troops in the Division of Santiago, an additional 9,000 soldiers. The Spanish also ceded Guantanamo City and San Luis. The Spanish troops marched out of Santiago on July 17.

Aftermath

The siege effectively ended the major fighting on Cuba, but the war was not yet over. Yellow fever had spread through the U.S. Army before the surrender had taken place, and some 4,000 U.S. soldiers were ill with malaria, yellow fever, and dysentery by July 28. Many officers, notably Theodore Roosevelt, fought for the removal of the army from Cuba, writing the Round Robin, which was leaked to the press. The Fifth Army Corps was recalled and sent to Camp Wikoff, where of the 20,000 men sent there, only 257 died from yellow fever or malaria.

The Red Cross ship, City of Texas, with Clara Barton aboard, was the first ship into Santiago harbor. Plans were made for a major assault on Havana, but the next major campaign of the war came on Puerto Rico, led by General Miles.

Notes

References

• Konstam, Angus San Juan Hill 1898: America's Emergence as a World Power (1998)
• Marrin, Albert The Spanish–American War (1991)
• Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006)

References

1. Freidel p.234
2. A.B. Feuer "Spanish Fleet Sacrificed at Santiago Harbor," Military History Illustrated (June 1998), pg. 57 ("professional German....artillery experts" manning Spanish guns)
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4. Aker, Andrea. (October 19, 2009). "Doc Goodfellow: Arizona's Gutsiest Physician from the Territorial Days".