She (pronoun)

Morphology

In Standard Modern English, she has four shapes representing five distinct word forms:

• she: the nominative (subjective) form
• her: the accusative (objective, also called the 'oblique'.) form; the dependent genitive (possessive) form
• hers: the independent genitive form
• herself: the reflexive form

History

Old English had a single third-person pronoun – from the Proto-Germanic hu y ccudemonstrative base khi-, from PIE ko- – which had a plural and three genders in the singular. In early Middle English, one case was lost, and distinct pronouns started to develop. The modern pronoun it developed out of the neuter, singular in the 12th century. Her developed out of the feminine singular dative and genitive forms. The older pronoun had the following forms:

The evolution of she is disputed. By Middle English, it was found in the form schē , but how it arrived there is unclear. Some sources propose it evolved from the demonstrative pronoun: Others propose it descends directly from the third-person feminine pronoun: This does not lead to the modern form she . None of this is entirely plausible.

The -self forms developed in early Middle English, with hire self becoming herself. By the 15th century, the Middle English forms of she had solidified into those we use today.**

Gender

Historically, she was encompassed in he as he had three genders in Old English. The neuter and feminine genders split off during Middle English. Today, she is the only feminine pronoun in English.

She is occasionally used as a gender neutral, third-person, singular pronoun (see also singular they).

Syntax

Functions

She can appear as a subject, object, determiner or predicative complement. The reflexive form also appears as an adjunct. She occasionally appears as a modifier in a noun phrase.

• Subject: She's there; her being there; she paid for herself to be there.
• Object: I saw her; I introduced him to her; She saw herself.
• Predicative complement: The only person there was her.
• Dependent determiner: This is her book.
• Independent determiner: This is hers.
• Adjunct: She did it herself.
• Modifier: The she goat was missing.

Dependents

Pronouns rarely take dependents, but it is possible for she to have many of the same kind of dependents as other noun phrases.

• Relative clause modifier: she who arrives late
• Determiner: A: Somebody was here, and she left this. B: I'm that she.
• Adjective phrase modifier: the real her
• Adverb phrase external modifier: Not even her

Semantics

She's referents are generally limited to individual, female persons, excluding the speaker and the addressee. She is always definite and usually specific.

Generic

The pronoun she can also be used to refer to an unspecified person, as in If you see someone in trouble, help her.

• If either your mother or father would like to discuss it, I'll talk to her.

Non-human ''she''

She has traditionally been used for ships, but can also be used for other inanimate objects as a form of anthropomorphism.

• *SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in Lake Superior during a storm. When launched in 1958, she was the largest ship on North America's Great Lakes. *
• "I know, I know ... It's Eleanor ... Just take her, slick." ―Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

She can also be used for countries as political entities, but not as geographical entities.

• Canada really found her place in the world during WWII.
• Canada's prairies are grassland, and she has five great lakes in Ontario.

Many English style guides discourage the use of she for countries or inanimate objects; such use may be considered dated or sexist.

Deities

"She" may refer to a particular goddess or to a monotheistic God when regarded as female. In this case it may be written "She" with reverential capitalization.

Other

In 1999, she was selected as the word of the millennium by the American Dialect Society.

Notes

References

References

1. Huddleston, Rodney. (2002). "The Cambridge grammar of the English language". Cambridge University Press.
2. (1999). "The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776". Cambridge University Press.
3. "it".
4. (1992). "The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476". Cambridge University Press.
5. (1891). "A Middle English dictionary". Oxford University Press.
6. "she".
7. "herself".
8. Curzan, Anne. (2003). "Gender Shifts in the History of English". Cambridge University Press.
9. "8.118: Pronouns referring to vessels".
10. (2015). "The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage".
11. (2020). "Social Problems and Social Movements". Rowman & Littlefield.
12. (2000-01-13). "1999 Words of the Year, Word of the 1990s, Word of the 20th Century, Word of the Millennium".