Sharp (music)

Examples

The sharp symbol is used in key signatures or as an accidental applied to a single note. Below is a staff with a key signature containing three sharps (A major or F♯ minor) and a sharp symbol placed on the note, indicating that it is an A instead of an A.

: { \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { \key a \major ais1 } } In twelve-tone equal temperament tuning (the predominant system of tuning in Western music), raising a note's pitch by a semitone results in a note that is enharmonically equivalent to another named note. For example, E and F would be equivalent. This is not the case in most non-standard tuning systems.

Variants

A double sharp is indicated by the symbol and raises a note by two chromatic semitones (a whole tone in 12-tone equal temperament). Double sharps were sometimes written [[File:EB1911 - Musical Notation - double sharp 1.png|13px]], [[File:EB1911 - Musical Notation - double sharp 2.png|18px]] or [[File:EB1911 - Musical Notation - double sharp 3.png|16px]]. : { \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { bisis1 } }

A **** or demisharp () raises a note by approximately a quarter tone. A sharp-and-a-half, three-quarter-tone sharp or sesquisharp () raises a note by three quarter tones.

:{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { dih1 eisih } }

A triple sharp ( or ) is extremely rare. It raises a note by three chromatic semitones (a whole tone plus a semitone in 12-tone equal temperament). The B below would be enharmonic with D natural. : { \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { \tweak Accidental.stencil #ly:text-interface::print \tweak Accidental.text \markup { \concat { \sharp \doublesharp}} bis1 } }

While this system allows for higher multiples of sharps, triple sharps are the practical limit, and there are only a few examples in the literature. In other tuning systems, such as 53 equal temperament, quadruple sharps or beyond may be required. A quadruple sharp would be indicated by the symbol . :{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { \tweak Accidental.stencil #ly:text-interface::print \tweak Accidental.text \markup { \concat { \doublesharp \doublesharp }}beses1 } }

Key signature

In a key signature, sharps or flats are placed to the right of the clef. The pitches indicated apply in every measure and octave.

The order of sharps in key signatures is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯. Starting with no sharps or flats (C major), adding the first sharp (F) indicates G major, adding the next (C) indicates D major, and so on through the circle of fifths.

Some keys may be written as an enharmonically equivalent key. In the standard tuning system of 12-tone equal temperament, the key of C major, with seven sharps, may be written as D major, with five flats. In rare cases the sharp keys may be extended further, into key signatures requiring a double sharp (for example, G♯ major, which requires an F double-sharp).

Accidental

When used as an accidental, the sharp sign applies to the note on which it is placed, and to subsequent similar notes in the same measure and octave. In modern notation accidentals do not apply to notes in other octaves, but this was not always the convention. : { \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { bis1 } } As with all accidentals, a sharp can be cancelled on a subsequent similar note in the same measure by using a flat () or a natural(). :{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \key c \major \time 4/4 bis'2 bes' bis' b'}

Unicode

In Unicode, assigned sharp signs are as follows:

Other notation and usage

• The sharp symbol (♯) resembles the number (hash) sign (#), with two intersecting sets of parallel double lines. While the number sign may have a pair of horizontal lines, the sharp sign has a pair of slanted lines that rise from left to right to avoid obscuring the staff lines. The other set of parallel lines are vertical in the sharp sign, while the number sign (#) may have slanted lines instead. It is also etymologically independent from the number sign. Likewise, while the double-sharp sign () resembles a lower-case letter "x", it needs to be typographically distinct.

• Historically, lowering a double sharp to a single sharp could be notated using a natural sign and sharp sign (♮♯) or vice-versa (♯♮), but modern notation often uses the sharp sign alone. The same principle applies when canceling a triple sharp or beyond. The combination ♮♯ can be also written when changing a flat to a sharp. : { \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c'' { bisis2 bis \accidentalStyle modern bisis2 bis } }

• In environments where the symbol is not supported a double sharp can be written using two single sharp signs (♯♯), hash signs (##) or a lower-case letter x. Likewise, a triple sharp can be written as ♯♯♯.

• To allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents (ratio 25:24).

Notes

References

fi:Etumerkki (musiikki)#Tavalliset

References

1. {{IMSLP. 2 Clarinet Sonatas, Op.49 (Reger, Max)
2. {{IMSLP. Études, Op.10 (Chopin, Frédéric)