Sham election

Description

Sham elections are a common event in dictatorial regimes that feel the need to feign the appearance of public legitimacy. Published results usually show high voter turnout and high support (typically at least 80%, and close to 100% in many cases) for the prescribed candidates or for the referendum choice that favours the political party in power. Dictatorial regimes can also organize sham elections with results simulating those that might be achieved in democratic countries.

Sometimes, only one government-approved candidate is allowed to run in sham elections with no opposition candidates allowed, or opposition candidates are arrested on false charges (or even without any charges) before the election to prevent them from running. Ballots may contain only one "yes" option, or in the case of a simple "yes or no" question, security forces often persecute people who pick "no", thus encouraging them to pick the "yes" option. In other cases, those who vote receive stamps in their passport for doing so, while those who did not vote (and thus do not receive stamps) are persecuted as enemies of the people.

Sham elections can sometimes backfire against the party in power, especially if the regime believes they are popular enough to win without coercion, fraud or suppressing the opposition. The most famous example of this was the 1990 Myanmar general election, in which the government-sponsored National Unity Party suffered a landslide defeat by the opposition National League for Democracy and consequently, the results were annulled.

History

Examples of sham elections include:

• The 1929 and 1934 elections in Fascist Italy
• The 1942 general election in Imperial Japan
• Those in Nazi Germany, East Germany other than the election in 1990
• The 1940 elections of Stalinist "People's Parliaments" to legitimise the Soviet occupation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
• Those in Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Hosni Mubarak, and Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
• Those in Bangladesh under Sheikh Hasina
• Those in Eswatini under Mswati III
• Those in Russia under Vladimir Putin
• Those in Syria under Hafez Al-Assad and his son Bashar Al-Assad
• Those in Venezuela since the 2017 Self-coup
• Those in Rwanda since 1965
• Those in Azerbaijan under Heydar Aliyev and his son Ilham Aliyev
• The 1928, 1935, 1942, 1949, 1951 and 1958 elections in Portugal
• Those in Indonesia during New Order regime
• Those in Belarus after 1994 (most notably in 2020)
• The 1991 and 2019 Kazakh presidential elections
• Those in North Korea
• The 1995 and 2002 presidential referendums in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
• Those in Cuba since the 1952 Cuban coup d'état.
• Those in Hong Kong since the electoral system changes in 2021
• Those in Pahlavi Iran since the aftermath of the 1953 Iranian coup d'etat, notably in 1975
• The 2009 and 2021 presidential elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran
• The 1984 Nicaraguan general election aswell as the 2011, 2016, and the 2021 elections in Nicaragua.
• The 2025 Tanzanian general election was decried by many as a sham election.

In Mexico, all of the presidential elections from 1929 to 1982 are considered to be sham elections, as the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and its predecessors governed the country in a de facto single-party system without serious opposition, and they won all of the presidential elections in that period with more than 70% of the vote. The first seriously competitive presidential election in modern Mexican history was that of 1988, in which for the first time the PRI candidate faced two strong opposition candidates, though it is believed that the government rigged the result. The first fair election was held in 1994, though the opposition did not win until 2000.

A predetermined conclusion is permanently established by the regime through suppression of the opposition, coercion of voters, vote rigging, reporting several votes received greater than the number of voters, outright lying, or some combination of these. In an extreme example, Charles D. B. King of Liberia was reported to have won by 234,000 votes in the 1927 general election, a "majority" that was over fifteen times larger than the number of eligible voters.

References

References

1. "Sham Election Law and Legal Definition". USLegal, Inc..
2. (10 March 2014). "Kim Jong-un wins 100% of the vote in his constituency".
3. Jamjoom, Mohammed. (21 February 2012). "Yemen holds presidential election with one candidate". [[CNN]].
4. (29 January 2018). "Egyptian opposition calls for boycott of elections after challengers are arrested and attacked". [[The Daily Telegraph.
5. (22 February 2018). "Alexei Navalny latest: Russian opposition leader arrested ahead of presidential election".
6. (19 August 1940). "Russia: Justice in The Baltic".
7. (6 March 2014). "Yes, There Are Elections in North Korea and Here's How They Work".
8. (26 May 2010). "Burma: 20 Years After 1990 Elections, Democracy Still Denied". Human Rights Watch.
9. "Google Podcasts".
10. Emily Rauhala. (10 March 2014). "Inside North Korea's sham election".
11. (20 December 2021). "Were Hong Kong's 'patriots only' elections a sham?". DW.
12. (9 December 2023). "‘It’s just a show’: Hong Kong voters likely to stay away as ‘patriots only’ local elections loom". Guardian News.
13. (3 November 2025). "Tanzanian opposition decries 'sham' elections, alleges hundreds of deaths". [[NPR]].
14. "Liberia past and present 1927 elections".