From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase

Class of protein kinase enzymes

Field	Value
Name	Protein-serine/threonine kinases
EC_number	2.7.11.-
CAS_number	9026-43-1
GO_code	0004674
image	Protein_AURKA_PDB_1mq4.png
caption	Human Aurora Kinase PDB {{Cite journal
doi	10.1016/S0969-2126(02)00907-3
last1	Nowakowski	first1 = J.
last2	Cronin	first2 = C. N.
last3	McRee	first3 = D. E.
last4	Knuth	first4 = M. W.
last5	Nelson	first5 = C. G.
last6	Pavletich	first6 = N. P.
last7	Rogers	first7 = J.
last8	Sang	first8 = B. C.
last9	Scheibe	first9 = D. N.
last10	Swanson	first10 = R. V.
last11	Thompson	first11 = D. A.
title	Structures of the cancer-related Aurora-A, FAK, and EphA2 protein kinases from nanovolume crystallography
journal	Structure
volume	10
issue	12
pages	1659–1667
year	2002
pmid	12467573
doi-access	free

| doi-access = free

[[serine

[[threonine

[[phosphate

A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human protein kinases are serine/threonine kinases (STK).

In enzymology, the term serine/threonine protein kinase describes a class of enzymes in the family of transferases, that transfer phosphates to the oxygen atom of a serine or threonine side chain in proteins. This process is called phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes and is a very important post-translational modification.

The chemical reaction performed by these enzymes can be written as

:ATP + a protein \rightleftharpoons ADP + a phosphoprotein

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and a protein, whereas its two products are ADP and phosphoprotein.

The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific).

Function

Serine/threonine kinases play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell differentiation, and embryonic development.

Selectivity

While serine/threonine kinases all phosphorylate serine or threonine residues in their substrates, they select specific residues to phosphorylate on the basis of residues that flank the phosphoacceptor site, which together comprise the consensus sequence. Since the consensus sequence residues of a target substrate only make contact with several key amino acids within the catalytic cleft of the kinase (usually through hydrophobic forces and ionic bonds), a kinase is usually not specific to a single substrate, but instead can phosphorylate a whole "substrate family" which share common recognition sequences. While the catalytic domain of these kinases is highly conserved, the sequence variation that is observed in the kinome (the subset of genes in the genome that encode kinases) provides for recognition of distinct substrates. Many kinases are inhibited by a pseudosubstrate that binds to the kinase like a real substrate but lacks the amino acid to be phosphorylated. When the pseudosubstrate is removed, the kinase can perform its normal function.

EC numbers

Many serine/threonine protein kinases do not have their own individual EC numbers and use 2.7.11.1, "non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase". This entry is for any enzyme that phosphorylates proteins while converting ATP to ADP (i.e., ATP:protein phosphotransferases.) 2.7.11.37 "protein kinase" was the former generic placeholder and was split into several entries (including 2.7.11.1) in 2005. 2.7.11.70 "protamine kinase" was merged into 2.7.11.1 in 2004.

2.7.11.- is the generic level where all serine/threonine kinases should sit in.

Types

Types include those acting directly as membrane-bound receptors (Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase) and intracellular kinases participating in Signal transduction. Of the latter, types include:

EC number	Name	Description
	CK2, also known by the misnomer casein kinase 2	was discovered in 1954 by Burnett and Kennedy.
	Mos/Raf kinases	form part of the MAPKK Kinase family and are activated by growth factors. The enzyme functions to stimulate growth of cells. Raf inhibition has become the target for new anti-metastatic cancer drugs as they inhibit the MAPK cascade and reduce cell proliferation.
	Protein Kinase B, also known as AKT kinase	The v-akt gene was identified as the oncogene of retrovirus AKT8. The gene codes for a protein kinase. Human homologs of the AKT8 oncogenic protein were identified in 1987.By 1995 it had been found that Akt kinases function as mitogen-activated kinases downstream from cell surface receptors that activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Three human akt genes exist. All three Akt kinases regulate cell proliferation and Akt2 is particularly important for insulin actions in cells. A major target of Akt kinases is glycogen synthase kinase-3.
	Pelle	is a serine/threonine kinase that can phosphorylate itself, and also Tube and Toll.
	Protein kinase A	consists of two domains, a small domain with several β sheet structures and a larger domain containing several α helices. The binding sites for substrate and ATP are located in the catalytic cleft between the domains (or lobes). When ATP and substrate bind, the two lobes rotate so that the terminal phosphate group of the ATP and the target amino acid of the substrate move into the correct positions for the catalytic reaction to take place.
	Protein kinase C ('PKC')	is actually a family of protein kinases consisting of ~10 isozymes. They are divided into three subfamilies: conventional (or classical), novel, and atypical based on their second messenger requirements.
	Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)	respond to extracellular stimuli (mitogens) and regulate various cellular activities, such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis.
	Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases or CaM kinases (CAMK)	are primarily regulated by the Ca2+/calmodulin complex.
	Phosphorylase kinase	was in fact, the first Ser/Thr protein kinase to be discovered (in 1959 by Krebs et al.).

Clinical significance

Serine/threonine kinase (STK) expression is altered in many types of cancer. Limited benefit of serine/threonine kinase inhibitors has been demonstrated in ovarian cancer.

Serine/threonine protein kinase p90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is in involved in development of some prostate cancers.

Raf inhibition has become the target for new anti-metastatic cancer drugs as they inhibit the MAPK cascade and reduce cell proliferation.

References

(24 December 2019). "A Structurally-Validated Multiple Sequence Alignment of 497 Human Protein Kinase Domains.". Scientific Reports.
(1988). "Purification and properties of a protamine kinase and a type II casein kinase from bovine kidney mitochondria". Arch. Biochem. Biophys..
(1970). "A simple procedure for the purification of rat liver phosvitin kinase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta.
(1970). "Protamine kinase from rainbow trout testis. Partial purification and characterization". J. Biol. Chem..
Langan TA. (1969). "Action of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent histone kinase in vivo". J. Biol. Chem..
(1993). "A mitotic role for a novel fission yeast protein kinase dsk1 with cell cycle stage dependent phosphorylation and localization". Mol. Biol. Cell.
NF. (1997). "Functional analysis of the fission yeast Prp4 protein kinase involved in pre-mRNA splicing and isolation of a putative mammalian homologue". Nucleic Acids Res..
(2001). "Isolation and characterization of cDNAs for the protein kinase HIPK2". Biochim. Biophys. Acta.
"ENZYME - 2.7.11.1 non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase".
"KEGG ENZYME: 2.7.1.37".
"KEGG ENZYME: 2.7.1.70".
"EC 2.7.11".
(15 August 2006). "Frequent Alterations in the Expression of Serine/Threonine Kinases in Human Cancers". Cancer Research.
(2 July 2016). "Clinical outcome of treatment with serine-threonine kinase inhibitors in recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review of literature". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs.
(15 April 2005). "The Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase, p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase, Is an Important Regulator of Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation". Cancer Research.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

ec-2.7.11 protein-kinases enzymes-of-known-structure

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report