Sepultura

History

Formation, ''Bestial Devastation'' and ''Morbid Visions'' (1984–1986)

Sepultura was formed in 1984 in Belo Horizonte by brothers Max and Igor Cavalera, the sons of model Vânia, and well-to-do Italian diplomat Graciliano, whose death left the family in financial ruin. Graciliano's passing deeply affected his sons, inspiring them to form a band after Max heard Black Sabbath's 1972 album Vol. 4 the very same day. They chose the name Sepultura, the Portuguese word for "grave", when Max translated the lyrics of the Motörhead song "Dancing on Your Grave". The brothers were previously in a cover band.

The brothers' early influences included Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Van Halen, Iron Maiden, Motörhead, AC/DC, Judas Priest, Ozzy Osbourne, V8, Terveet Kädet, Rattus, and Discharge. They would travel to a record shop in São Paulo that mixed tapes of then-latest records by American bands. Their listening habits changed after they were introduced to Venom. As Igor Cavalera put it:

The Cavalera brothers started listening to more extreme metal bands such as Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, Kreator, Sodom, Slayer, Megadeth, Exodus, and Exciter. They were also influenced by Brazilian metal bands like Stress, Sagrado Inferno, and Dorsal Atlântica. By 1984, they had dropped out of school. After several early membership changes, Sepultura established a stable lineup of Max on guitar, Igor on drums, lead vocalist Wagner Lamounier, and bassist Paulo Jr. Lamounier departed in March 1985 and became the leader of pioneering Brazilian black metal band Sarcófago. Max took over the vocal duties and Jairo Guedz joined the band as lead guitarist.

After a year of performing, Sepultura signed with Cogumelo Records in 1985. Later that year, they released Bestial Devastation, a split EP with Brazilian band Overdose. It was recorded and self-produced in just two days. The band recorded their first full-length album, Morbid Visions, in August 1986. It contained their first hit, "Troops of Doom", which gained some media attention. The band relocated to São Paulo.

''Schizophrenia'', ''Beneath the Remains'' and ''Arise'' (1987–1992)

In early 1987, Guedz quit the band and was replaced by São Paulo-based guitarist Andreas Kisser. They released their second studio album, and debut with Kisser, Schizophrenia, in October of that year. The album reflected a change towards a thrash metal-oriented sound while retaining the death metal elements of Morbid Visions. Schizophrenia displayed improved production and performance, becoming a minor critical sensation and sought-after import in Europe and North America. The band sent tapes to the United States that made radio playlists during a time when they were struggling to book shows as club owners were wary of their style. Sepultura gained attention from Roadrunner Records, who signed them in the spring of 1988 and released Schizophrenia internationally before seeing the band perform in person. Max Cavalera recalled to Revolver magazine, "We were finally going to get a real label, real producer, real studio. Things were happening...and it was up to us to write the best material possible. And I think that charged everybody up and we went into the jam room with an attitude of let's not fuck around. This is our shot. You only get so many shots in this life, and you gotta make it count."

During a May 2018 interview, Kisser noted that Sepultura would not have been possible without family support, not only from his own family, but also from the families of Max and Igor, and Paulo Jr.

Sepultura's third studio album, Beneath the Remains, was released in April 1989. The album was recorded towards the end of 1988 in a rustic studio in Rio de Janeiro. The band communicated through translators with American producer Scott Burns. It was an immediate success and became known as a classic on the order of Slayer's Reign in Blood. Terrorizer magazine hailed it as one of the all-time top 20 thrash metal albums, as well as gaining a place in their all-time top 40 death metal records. AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, "The complete absence of filler here makes this one of the most essential death/thrash metal albums of all time." A long European and American tour furthered the band's reputation, although they were still very limited English speakers. Sepultura's first live dates outside of Brazil included opening for Sodom on their Agent Orange tour in Europe. Sepultura's first U.S. show followed, held on October 31, 1989 at the Ritz in New York City, opening for King Diamond. The band filmed its first music video for the song "Inner Self", which received considerable airplay on MTV's Headbangers Ball, giving Sepultura their first exposure in North America. Touring in support of Beneath the Remains continued throughout most of 1990, including three shows in Brazil with Napalm Death, European dates with Mordred, and a North American tour with Obituary and Sadus.

In January 1991, Sepultura played for more than 100,000 people at the Rock in Rio II festival. The band relocated to Phoenix, Arizona in 1990, obtained new management, and recorded their fourth studio album, Arise, at Morrisound Studios in Tampa, Florida. By the time the album was released in March 1991, the band had become one of the most critically praised thrash/death metal bands of the time. The first single, "Dead Embryonic Cells", was a success, and the title track gained additional attention when MTV banned its video due to its apocalyptic religious imagery. It did, however, get some airplay on Headbangers Ball as did the music videos for "Dead Embryonic Cells" and "Desperate Cry". Arise was critically acclaimed and the band's first to enter the US chart, reaching No. 119 on the Billboard 200.{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/1991-05-04/billboard-200

Sepultura toured relentlessly in support of Arise throughout 1991 and 1992; its touring cycle began in May 1991 with a European trek with Sacred Reich and Heathen, followed by the New Titans on the Bloc tour in North America that included support from Sacred Reich, Napalm Death and Sick of It All. They also played with several other bands, including Slayer, Testament, Motörhead, Kreator, White Zombie, Type O Negative, and Fudge Tunnel, and alongside Alice in Chains, Sepultura supported Ozzy Osbourne on the latter's tour for No More Tears.

''Chaos A.D.'', Nailbomb and ''Roots'' (1993–1996)

Sepultura's fifth album, Chaos A.D., was released in September 1993. Supported by the singles "Refuse/Resist", "Territory", and "Slave New World", it was their only album to be released in North America by Epic Records, and the first of two albums to be certified gold by the RIAA. It departed from death metal, adding elements of groove metal, industrial, hardcore punk, and thrash metal. AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5 and wrote that, "Chaos A.D. ranks as one of the greatest heavy metal albums of all time", while Ultimate Guitar claimed it to be the album that "elevated Sepultura to even greater heights" and called it "an integral part of the decade's so-called 'groove metal' boom movement." The band embarked on a year-and-a-half-long tour in support of Chaos A.D., headlining a European run with Paradise Lost, followed by a North American tour with Fudge Tunnel, Fear Factory, and Clutch. opened for the Ramones in South America and toured Australia and New Zealand with Sacred Reich. By the time the Chaos A.D. tour ended in November 1994,

Also in 1994, Max and Igor formed Nailbomb with Alex Newport of Fudge Tunnel. They released an industrial-oriented album, Point Blank, the same year. The group performed its only live concert for nearly two decades at Dynamo Open Air in 1995, which was released as a live album, Proud to Commit Commercial Suicide. Nailbomb disbanded shortly afterward.

Sepultura's sound continued changing with their sixth album, Roots, released in February 1996. The band experimented with Brazil's indigenous music, and adopted a slower, down-tuned sound. The album was hailed as a modern-day heavy metal classic and a major influence on the then-nascent nu metal scene. AllMusic gave it a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, "Roots consolidates Sepultura's position as perhaps the most distinctive, original heavy metal band of the 1990s." Also in 1996, Sepultura performed "War (Guerra)" for the AIDS benefit album Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin, produced by the Red Hot Organization.

Departure of Max Cavalera, arrival of Derrick Green and ''Against'' (1996–2000)

In August 1996, Sepultura played on the Castle Donington Monsters of Rock main stage with Kiss, Ozzy Osbourne, Paradise Lost, Type O Negative, Biohazard, and Fear Factory. The band performed as a three-piece with Andreas Kisser on lead vocals after Max Cavalera left the concert site earlier in the day upon learning of his stepson Dana Wells' death in a car accident. After Wells' funeral, Max returned and continued to tour with Sepultura. A few months after Wells' death, the band met with Max and said they wanted to fire their manager Gloria Bujnowski, Max's wife and Dana's mother, and find new management. Their reasoning was that Bujnowski was giving Max preferential treatment while neglecting the rest of the band. Max, still coming to terms with Wells' death, felt betrayed and quit the band. Cavalera's final performance with Sepultura was at the Brixton Academy in England on December 16, 1996. Max's split with Sepultura was publicly announced in January 1997, citing his differences with the remaining members of the band and their refusal to renew a management contract with Bujnowski as factors.

Following Cavalera's departure, the remaining members remained a three-piece for eight months and worked on new material, with Kisser on vocals. In November 1997, the band announced that they were searching for a new vocalist. Among those who auditioned were Chuck Billy of Testament, Phil Demmel of Machine Head and Vio-lence, Marc Grewe of Morgoth, Jorge Rosado of Merauder, and a then-unknown singer Jason "Gong" Jones. American musician Derrick Green was selected as the new frontman. Sepultura played their first show with Green to a handful of fan club members at their rehearsal space in Brazil in February 1998. The band played their first public show under the pseudonym "Troops of Doom" on July 8, 1998 at the House of Blues in Los Angeles, where they were supported by Human Waste Project, Tura Satana, and Spineshank. The first album with the new lineup was Against, released in October 1998. The album was critically and commercially less successful than previous albums and sold considerably fewer copies than the self-titled debut album by Max Cavalera's then-new band Soulfly. In a retrospective review, AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5, stating that "there are enough flashes of the old Sepultura brilliance to suggest that great things are still to come."

''Nation'' and ''Roorback'' (2001–2005)

Sepultura's eighth album, Nation (2001), sold poorly. It would be their last with Roadrunner Records. AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5 and said, "As Green scrapes the lining of his vocal chords through the brash, impassioned tracks, he's singing about more than just 'one nation, Sepulnation'; he's suggesting something bigger, something worth shouting about and fighting for." In an interview, Derrick Green said, "Every song will be related to the idea of building this nation. We will have our own flags, our own anthem." Max Cavalera's last live show with Sepultura, Under a Pale Grey Sky, was released in 2002 as a live album by Roadrunner Records.

After recording an EP of covers, Revolusongs (2002), the band released their ninth studio album, Roorback, in 2003. Despite receiving greater critical acclaim than its predecessors, sales remained low. It was their first album with SPV Records. AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said, "If there are still any lingering doubts about the Green/Sepultura match, 2003's excellent Roorback should put them to rest for good. Green is passionate and focused throughout the album — he has no problem going that extra mile — and the writing is consistently strong." In 2005, the band played in the annual Dubai Desert Rock Festival. In November of that year, a live double DVD/double CD, Live in São Paulo, was released. This was the first official live album by the band.

''Dante XXI'', departure of Igor Cavalera, and ''A-Lex'' (2006–2010)

Sepultura's tenth studio album, Dante XXI, was released on March 14, 2006. It is a concept album based on Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy. Music videos were released for the songs "Convicted in Life" and "Ostia". AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that, "Overall, Dante XXI is easily one of Sepultura's strongest releases to feature Green on vocals."

In a 2007 interview with Revolver magazine, Max Cavalera stated that he and Igor, both of whom had recently reconciled after a near decade-long feud, would reunite with the original Sepultura lineup. There were rumors that the reunited lineup would play on the main stage at Ozzfest 2007. However, Kisser said there would be no reunion. Instead, Igor Cavalera left Sepultura after the release of Dante XXI and was replaced by Brazilian drummer Jean Dolabella, leaving the band without any original members. After leaving Sepultura, Igor and Max formed Cavalera Conspiracy.

The band was a featured musical guest at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008 on November 13. They performed a cover of "The Girl from Ipanema", and "We've Lost You" from the album A-Lex. The 9th annual Latin Grammy Awards ceremony was held at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas and aired on Univision. Sepultura also appeared in a successful ad campaign for Volkswagen motors commercial that aired nationally throughout Brazil in 2008. The spot said that "it's the first time you've seen Sepultura like this. And a Sedan like this one too". The Volkswagen TV spot shows Sepultura playing bossa nova, as opposed to its heavy metal style, to say that "you never saw something like this, as you never saw a car like the new Voyage."

Sepultura released A-Lex on January 26, 2009. This was the first Sepultura album to include neither Cavalera brother, with bassist Paulo Jr. the sole remaining member from the band's debut album. A-Lex is a concept album based on the book A Clockwork Orange. The album was recorded at Trama Studios in São Paulo, Brazil, and produced by Stanley Soares. AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said, "Personnel changes can have a very negative effect on a band, but Sepultura have maintained their vitality all these years – and that vitality is alive and well on the superb A-Lex." In the same year, Andreas Kisser contributed his recipe for "Churrasco in Soy Sauce" to Hellbent for Cooking: The Heavy Metal Cookbook, stating that he prefers his meat "medium-rare". Sepultura supported Metallica on January 30 and 31, 2010, at the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo. The two concerts were attended by 100,000 people. The band filmed a concert DVD in 2010. Sepultura played at Kucukciftlik Park, Istanbul, on April 27, 2010. On August 8, 2010, they played at the Hevy Music Festival near Folkestone.

''Kairos'' and ''The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart'' (2010–2015)

On July 6, 2010, it was announced that Sepultura signed with Nuclear Blast Records, and would release their first album for the label in 2011. The band confirmed there would be no reunion of the classic lineup. By the end of 2010, the band began writing new material and entered the studio to record their 12th album with producer Roy Z. On March 1, 2011, Sepultura completed recording the album, titled Kairos and released in June 2011.

The album includes cover versions of Ministry's "Just One Fix" and the Prodigy's "Firestarter", available as bonus tracks on various special-edition releases. Sepultura played on the Kairos World Tour and at Wacken Open Air 2011. Drummer Jean Dolabella left the band and was replaced by Eloy Casagrande in November 2011, who had previously played in Gloria and Andre Matos' solo band. In November and December 2011, Sepultura participated in the Thrashfest Classics tour alongside thrash metal bands like Exodus, Destruction, Heathen, and Mortal Sin.

In May 2012, guitarist Andreas Kisser told Metal Underground that Sepultura would soon "start working on something new with Eloy" and see if they could "get ready for new music early next year." In an interview at England's Bloodstock Open Air on August 10, 2012, Kisser revealed that Sepultura would be filming a live DVD with the French percussive group Les Tambours du Bronx. He also revealed that the band was "already thinking about new ideas" for their next album and would "have something new going on" in 2013.

On December 10, 2012, producer Ross Robinson, who produced Sepultura's Roots album, tweeted: "Oh, didn't mention.. Spoke to Andreas, it's on. My vision, smoke Roots", suggesting he would be producing the band's next album. This was later confirmed, as well as an announcement that it would be co-produced by Steve Evetts. Former Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo made a guest appearance on the album.

On January 25, 2013, it was announced that author Jason Korolenko was working on Relentless – 30 Years of Sepultura, which is described in a press release as "the only book-length biography to cover the band's entire 30-year career." Relentless was published on October 8, 2014, in Poland under the title Brazylijska Furia, and the English language edition was published via Rocket 88 on December 4, 2014. The Brazilian edition, titled Relentless – 30 Anos de Sepultura, was scheduled for publication via Benvira in early 2015. The French language edition of Relentless was published in France on October 19, 2015.

On July 19, 2013, it was revealed that the title of the band's thirteenth album was The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart. In September 2013, they performed at Rock in Rio with Brazilian rock/MPB artist Zé Ramalho – this lineup was named "Zépultura", a portmanteau of both artists' names.

''Machine Messiah'' and ''Quadra'' (2016–2023)

After more than two years of touring in support of The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart, Sepultura entered the studio in mid-2016 to begin recording their fourteenth studio album, with Jens Bogren as the producer. The resulting album, Machine Messiah, was released on January 13, 2017. Sepultura promoted the album with a series of world tours, including supporting Kreator on their Gods of Violence tour in Europe in February–March 2017, and along with Prong, they supported Testament on the latter's Brotherhood of the Snake tour in North America in April–May 2017. The band toured Europe in February–March 2018 with Obscura, Goatwhore and Fit for an Autopsy, and Australia in May with Death Angel.

The first official Sepultura documentary, Sepultura Endurance, premiered in May 2017 and was released on June 17. Max and Igor declined to be interviewed for the documentary film and refused to allow early material of the band to be used.

In an August 2018 interview at Wacken Open Air, Kisser confirmed that Sepultura had begun the songwriting process of their fifteenth studio album, and stated later that month that it would not be released before 2020. The band began recording the album, again with producer Bogren, in August 2019 for a tentative February 2020 release.

In October 2019, during their performance at Rock in Rio 8, the band announced the name and revealed the cover for their fifteenth studio album, Quadra. They debuted lead single "Isolation", also the opening track for the album. On November 8, they released the studio version of "Isolation" and announced that Quadra would be released on February 7, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Sepultura was not able to tour or play any shows in support of Quadra for over two years after its release. They played their first show in two years at Circo Voador in Rio de Janeiro on February 12, 2022. The band promoted Quadra by touring North America with Sacred Reich, Crowbar and Art of Shock, and Europe with Sacred Reich and Crowbar; due to COVID-19, the tours had been rescheduled to two years from March and April 2020 and a year from the fall of 2021 respectively. Drummer Bruno Valverde of Angra filled in for Eloy Casagrande on the last three dates of the US tour, as the latter could not perform due to a leg injury. Due to a "family emergency", Kisser was temporarily replaced by Jean Patton of Project46 on the summer 2022 European tour; the reason behind this "family emergency" was Kisser's wife Patricia's battle with colon cancer. She died on July 3. The band co-headlined the Klash of the Titans tour in North America with Kreator during the spring of 2023, with Death Angel and SpiritWorld as supporting acts.

Sepultura released a quarantine collaboration album on August 13, 2021, titled SepulQuarta, including contributions by members of Megadeth, Testament, Anthrax, System of a Down, Trivium, and Sacred Reich.

In a July 2022 interview, frontman Derrick Green confirmed that Sepultura would begin working on their next studio album after the end of the Quadra tour, in 2024 at the earliest. Kisser indicated that the band was not expected to release another studio album before at least 2025 or for "a few years".

40th anniversary, farewell tour and ''The Cloud of Unknowing'' (2023–present)

In August 2023, Kisser revealed that Sepultura would celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2024 with a "special tour" that would not include Max and Igor Cavalera, as well as a live album.

On December 8, 2023, Sepultura announced that they would embark on a farewell tour in 2024 in celebration of their 40th anniversary. When asked about the band "departing via a conscious and planned death on this farewell tour", Kisser explained, "There were a few factors, including the fortieth anniversary. Surviving the pandemic gave us new perspective, and then two years ago my wife passed away from cancer. It made me realise that dying can bring new possibilities for life. Live in the present, there might not be a tomorrow." The first show of the tour took place at the Arena Hall in Belo Horizonte on March 1, 2024.

Kisser has said that he would be open to reuniting with former members of the band (particularly the Cavalera brothers) for one final show. Although initially open to reuniting with Sepultura,

Three days before the farewell tour began, it was announced that Casagrande quit the band on February 6, 2024, to join "another project", later revealed to be Slipknot. He later stated that one of the reasons he left Sepultura was because he "didn't want to stop playing drums at the age of 33."

In November 2024, Kisser revealed that Sepultura would release an EP with four new songs. In January 2026, the title of the upcoming EP was revealed to be The Cloud of Unknowing.

Musical style and influences

Sepultura has been influenced by rock, heavy metal and hard rock bands such as Yes, Rush, Queen, Kiss, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Motörhead, Iron Maiden, Scorpions, Venom, Celtic Frost, Twisted Sister, Triumph, Whitesnake and Corrosion of Conformity, thrash metal bands Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, Exodus, Overkill, Testament, Anthrax, Kreator, Sodom, Destruction and Sacrifice, and death metal bands Possessed and Death. They were also influenced by punk bands such as the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, Terveet Kädet, Rattus, Black Flag, the Dead Kennedys, Kaaos, Discharge, Stormtroopers of Death, Amebix, Sick of It All, Agnostic Front, the Cro-Mags, Gorilla Biscuits and New Model Army, as well as early U2. Kisser has affirmed that "without Slayer, Sepultura would never be possible."

Sepultura's music comes in a wide range of heavy metal musical styles. The band has been described mainly as thrash metal and death metal, and considered one of the primary inventors of the latter genre. Another genre the band has been categorized under is groove metal. The band later on experimented with other genres, including hardcore punk, industrial, progressive, Chaos A.D. saw the band abandon much of their thrash and death metal influences in favor of an experimental sound influenced by industrial music, groove metal and hardcore punk.

Elements of Latin music, samba and Brazilian folk and tribal music have been incorporated into Sepultura's metal style, particularly on Roots. The album was partly recorded with the indigenous Xavante tribe in Mato Grosso, and incorporates percussion, rhythms, chanting and lyrical themes inspired by the collaboration. While Roots continued in the same groove metal vein from Chaos A.D., it was Sepultura's first foray into nu metal, influenced by bands such as Korn and Deftones. Starting with Dante XXI, the band abandoned the nu metal sound of their previous four albums in favor of a return to thrash and death metal, while retaining elements of groove metal and including a portion of progressive influences.

Legacy and impact

Sepultura has been referred to as one of the "Big Four" of 1990s heavy metal by Lauryn Schaffner of Loudwire, along with Korn, Pantera and Tool. In 2025, Zahra Huselid of Screen Rant included the band in the site's list of "10 Best Thrash Metal Bands Who Weren't the Big Four".

Looking back on the band's career in a 2016 article on Max and Igor Cavalera's retrospective Return to Roots tour (in commemoration of the album's 20th anniversary), Nashville Scene contributor Saby Reyes-Kulkarni observed that, "Before Chaos A.D., the overwhelming majority of metal had a 'white' feel to it. Sepultura changed that forever. And with Roots, the band went a step further, asserting once and for all that the genre can accommodate native stylings from any culture, much like jazz had done for decades prior." That same year, the staff of Loudwire named them the 41st best metal band of all time.

MTV called Sepultura the most successful Brazilian heavy metal band in history and "perhaps the most important heavy metal band of the '90s." In 1993, Robert Baird of Phoenix New Times wrote that the band played "machine-gun-tempo mayhem" and that the members "love to attack organized religion and repressive government."

Many bands have cited Sepultura as an influence or inspiration to their music, including Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, Pantera, Machine Head, Cannibal Corpse, Hatebreed, Alien Weaponry, Krisiun, Gojira, Xibalba, Vein, Toxic Holocaust, Code Orange, Puya, Nails, Kittie, Children of Bodom, Power Trip, Atreyu, Evile, Havok, Pestilence, Incantation, Grave, and Ektomorf.

Band members

Main article: List of Sepultura members

Current

• Paulo Jr. – bass (1984–present, only live until 1992), backing vocals (1984–present); percussion (1993–1997)
• Andreas Kisser – lead guitar, backing vocals (1987–present); lead vocals (1996, 1997); bass (1987–1991, only in studio); rhythm guitar (1996–present)
• Derrick Green – lead vocals (1997–present); percussion (2005–present); additional rhythm guitar (1998–2005)
• Greyson Nekrutman – drums, percussion (2024–present)

Discography

Main article: Sepultura discography

• Morbid Visions (1986)
• Schizophrenia (1987)
• Beneath the Remains (1989)
• Arise (1991)
• Chaos A.D. (1993)
• Roots (1996)
• Against (1998)
• Nation (2001)
• Roorback (2003)
• Dante XXI (2006)
• A-Lex (2009)
• Kairos (2011)
• The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart (2013)
• Machine Messiah (2017)
• Quadra (2020)

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Anonymous (May 2003). Beneath the Remains. In: A Megaton Hit Parade: The All-Time Thrash Top 20. Terrorizer No. 109, page 35.
• Barcinski, André & Gomes, Silvio (1999). Sepultura: Toda a História. São Paulo: Ed. 34. . . . .
• Colmatti, Andréa (1997). Sepultura: Igor Cavalera. Modern Drummer Brasil, 6, 18–26, 28–30.
• Hinchliffe, James (December 2006). Beneath the Remains. In: Death Metal|The DM Top 40. Terrorizer No. 151, page 54.
• Lemos, Anamaria (1993). Caos Desencanado. Bizz, 98, 40–45.
• Schwarz, Paul (2005). Morbid Visions. In: The First Wave. Terrorizer, 128, 42.
• Sepultura (1996). Roots. [CD]. New York, NY: Roadrunner Records. The 25th Anniversary Series (2-CD Reissue, 2005).
• {{cite book|last=Thoroddsen|first=Arnar|editor-first=Robert|editor-last=Dimery|title=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die|publisher=Quintet Publishing Limited|year=2006|isbn= 9780789313713|lccn= 2005930000|oclc=63515375|ol=14443780M}}

References

1. (September 23, 2024). "Sepultura's Andreas Kisser On Where He Stands With Max And Igor Cavalera Today: 'There's No Relationship At All'". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
2. (November 27, 2024). "Andreas Kisser On Sepultura's Farewell Tour: 'We're Having The Best Time Of Our Lives'". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
3. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 17.
4. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 16.
5. Darzin, Daina. (May 5, 1994). "Sepultura: Chaos A.D.".
6. [[#refDimery2006. Dimery 2006]] pg 782, "''Drawing on Brazilian Latin and tribal music, nu-metal, and Sepultura's own thrash/death style, the results were unique''"
7. (January 14, 2017). "Sepultura: Machine Messiah Album Review".
8. (January 8, 2017). "Sepultura: Machine Messiah Album Review".
9. Haagsma, Robert. (March 3, 2016). "Sepultura". Aardschok / [[Metal Hammer]].
10. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, pages 89 & 90.
11. (June 24, 2007). "'Thrash Metal' Book Due In September".
12. (July 16, 2012). "Thrash Flashback: Kreator's 'Pleasure To Kill'".
13. (February 11, 2010). "Overkill: Ironbound".
14. (June 5, 2019). "Programa Nº8 – Rock en Cadena".
15. "30 Essential thrash metal bands that aren't the big four". [[Classic Rock (magazine).
16. (June 23, 2022). "Flotsam and Jetsam Writing New Album". [[Ultimate Guitar]].
17. Angle, Brad. (April 3, 2020). "Sepultura's 'Beneath the Remains': Max Cavalera on "Make-It-or-Break-It Album"".
18. Mills, Matt. (June 20, 2023). "A beginner's guide to Roadrunner Records in five essential albums".
19. (July 20, 2017). "1993: The year Roadrunner Records became an unstoppable force".
20. "Brazil Metal Act Sepultura Has Stood the Test of Time | Jakarta Globe".
21. (September 30, 2011). "Legendary Heavy Metal Band Sepultura To Appear At NAMM 2011 AKG Booth For Autograph-Signing Sessions".
22. "Les certifications Albums - Année 1994". Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP).
23. "Les certifications Albums - Année 1997". Musique sur Disque en France (SNEP).
24. {{cite certification
25. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, pages 109 & 143.
26. "Gold and Platinum – Searchable Database". RIAA.
27. (March 21, 2007). "Sepultura – Dante XXI Certified Gold in Cyprus". [[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]].
28. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 143.
29. (July 7, 2024). "MAX CAVALERA Is Open To Reunion Of SEPULTURA's Classic Lineup 'As Long As We Do It The Right Way'".
30. (October 9, 2023). "Brazilian metal icons revisit early Sepultura recordings at Great American". [[KPIX-TV.
31. (December 3, 2010). "Max Cavalera Says Paulo Jr. Didn't Play Bass On Any Early Sepultura Recordings". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
32. (April 16, 2014). "Max Cavalera Talks About Getting 'Kicked Out' Of Sepultura, Hanging Out With OZZY OSBOURNE". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
33. (2020-01-31). "SEPULTURA Bassist: Reunion With MAX CAVALERA Would Have To Happen 'Naturally'".
34. (February 18, 2016). "Hall of Fame Countdown: Sepultura's Arise". [[Decibel (magazine).
35. (December 8, 2023). "Sepultura Announces 'Farewell Tour' To Mark Band's 40th Anniversary".
36. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 14.
37. Chirazi, Steffan. (2005). "Roots". [[Roadrunner Records]].
38. (10 April 1995). "Sepultura band interview". metallian.com.
39. Baird, Robert. (May 12, 1993). "The Boys from Brazil Transplanted to Phoenix, Sepultura Strives for Death Metal with a Conscience". Phoenix New Times.
40. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 19.
41. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 26.
42. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 21.
43. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 28.
44. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 49.
45. Colon, Suzan. (August 1, 1991). "Name That Tomb". Miami New Times.
46. (May 14, 2018). "May 2018 Interview With Derrick Green and Andreas Kisser".
47. Dick, Chris. (January 3, 2013). "Sepultura - 'Beneath the Remains'".
48. ''Terrorizer'' No. 109 (2003), page 35 (author unknown)
49. Hinchliffe 2006, page 54
50. Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Beneath the Remains – Sepultura".
51. (November 2024). "Sepultura Tour Dates". metallipromo.com.
52. "Headbangers Ball- The Unofficial Tribute Site - Episode Database".
53. Pratt, Greg. (25 January 2018). "That Tour Was Awesome: New Titans on the Bloc (1991)".
54. Mehling, Shane. (2016-10-27). "That Tour Was Awesome: Ministry/Helmet/Sepultura (1992)".
55. "Gold & Platinum - RIAA". riaa.com.
56. Barcinski & Gomes 1999, page 131.
57. Christe. (2003). "[[Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal".
58. (August 13, 2005). "They Did It All for the Nookie: Decibel Explores the Rise and Fall of Nu-Metal". [[Decibel (magazine).
59. Huey, Steve. "Chaos A.D. – Sepultura".
60. cycoloco. (1 March 2023). "Max Cavalera on Sepultura's 'Chaos A.D.': It Was 'A Defining Moment in Metal'".
61. (October 19, 2018). "25 Years Ago, Sepultura Release Groundbreaking Chaos A.D.".
62. Huey, Steve. "Roots – Sepultura".
63. Blabbermouth. (2002-04-09). "Sepultura: Last-Ever Show With Max To Be Issued On CD".
64. Lannert, John. (29 January 1997). "l'Unità (1997-01-29)". Cash Box Publications.
65. Pratt, Greg. (August 2011). "Sepultura: Troops of Doom". [[Exclaim!]].
66. Chirazi, Steffan. (25 July 1998). "Greene Machine". [[EMAP]].
67. (November 22, 1997). "Seps Seek Singer!". [[EMAP]].
68. (December 15, 2013). "ANDREAS KISSER Says CHUCK BILLY's SEPULTURA Audition Tape Was 'Interesting'".
69. (August 3, 2015). "ANDREAS KISSER Recalls CHUCK BILLY's SEPULTURA Audition: 'He Did A Great Job' (Audio)".
70. Sindell, Joshua. (25 July 1998). "Renewed! Sepultura Return With a Vengeance". [[EMAP]].
71. Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Sepultura: Artist Biography".
72. "Metal/Hard Rock Album Sales In The US As Reported By SoundScan".
73. Smith, Kerry L.. (March 20, 2001). "((( Nation > Overview )))".
74. Henderson, Alex. (August 26, 2003). "((( Roorback > Overview )))".
75. Prato, Greg. (March 14, 2006). "Dante XXI – Sepultura".
76. (November 15, 2006). "There will be no Sepultura reunion i2007".
77. (November 14, 2008). "Sepultura Performs at Latin Grammy Awards; Video Available". [[Roadrunner Records]].
78. (November 10, 2008). "Sepultura to Perform New Song at Latin Grammy Awards in Houston". [[Roadrunner Records]].
79. (October 28, 2008). "Sepultura em comercial da Volkswagen (novo Voyage)". [[YouTube]].
80. Henderson, Alex. (January 27, 2009). "((( A-Lex > Review )))".
81. Giroux, Annick. (2009). "Hellbent for Cooking: The Heavy Metal Cookbook". [[Bazillion Points]] Books.
82. (January 12, 2010). "MetallicaHQ.com".
83. "SEPULTURA's 'A-Lex' To Be Re-Released With Two New Tracks".
84. "SEPULTURA Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS".
85. "Sepultura Definitely Not Reuniting with Cavalera Brothers -- Video - Noisecreep".
86. "SEPULTURA Writing New Material On The Road".
87. Prakash KL. (August 3, 2010). "Sepultura's new album is in pipeline – oneindia entertainment".
88. "SEPULTURA Taps Producer ROY Z. For New Album".
89. "Exclusive: New SEPULTURA Album Title Revealed".
90. "SEPULTURA Completes Recording New Album; Lays Down MINISTRY, THE PRODIGY Covers".
91. "Interview With Andreas Kisser Of Sepultura".
92. (August 14, 2012). "SEPULTURA To Film Concert DVD With French Percussive Group LES TAMBOURS DU BRONX".
93. Egging, Kiel. (April 9, 2013). "Sepultura Reunite With 'Roots' Producer Ross Robinson For New LP". [[Music Feeds]].
94. Pasbani, Robert. (June 14, 2013). "Dave Lombardo To Guest On The Upcoming Sepultura Record". Metal Injection.
95. (October 13, 2014). "SEPULTURA: 'Relentless: Thirty Years Of Sepultura' Biography Due In December".
96. "Guitartalks.com.br".
97. "CAMION BLANC : L'éditeur qui véhicule le rock !".
98. (September 22, 2013). "Zé Ramalho ganha prestígio no dia do metal e toca com "Zépultura" no Sunset 28". [[Grupo Folha]].
99. (September 22, 2013). "Crítica: Sepultura com Zé Ramalho dá certo e gera um fruto cantado pelo público: Zépultura". [[Grupo Globo]].
100. (September 22, 2013). "Rock in Rio 2013: 'Zépultura' domina o Palco Sunset". [[Grupo Abril]].
101. (September 22, 2013). "Em grande encontro, Sepultura e Zé Ramalho viram 'Zépultura'". Grupo Folha.
102. (June 23, 2015). "Sepultura's Andreas Kisser: Celebrating 30 Years Of Band's History Is 'A Very Special Moment'".
103. (April 5, 2016). "SEPULTURA Taps Producer JENS BOGREN For Next Album".
104. (October 28, 2016). "Sepultura To Release 'Machine Messiah' Album In January".
105. (May 11, 2016). "Kreator To Tour Europe With Sepultura, Soilwork, Aborted".
106. (December 5, 2016). "Testament To Tour North America With Sepultura, Prong; Blabbermouth.net Presale Available".
107. (October 19, 2017). "Sepultura To Tour Europe With Obscura, Goatwhore, Fit For An Autopsy".
108. (November 20, 2017). "Sepultura Announces Australian Tour Dates".
109. (May 5, 2017). "SEPULTURA Announces World Premiere Of Official Documentary 'Sepultura Endurance'".
110. (May 25, 2017). "MAX And IGOR CAVALERA Refused To Allow Early SEPULTURA Music To Be Used In Official Documentary".
111. (August 6, 2018). "SEPULTURA Has Already Demoed A 'Few Songs' For Follow-Up To 'Machine Messiah' Album".
112. (August 29, 2018). "SEPULTURA: No New Studio Album Before 2020".
113. (May 6, 2019). "SEPULTURA To Record New Album In August; February 2020 Release Planned".
114. (October 5, 2019). "SEPULTURA Unveils 'Quadra' Album Artwork, Performs New Song 'Isolation' For First Time (Video)".
115. (October 7, 2019). "SEPULTURA Explains 'Quadra' Album Concept".
116. (November 8, 2019). "Video Premiere: SEPULTURA's 'Isolation'".
117. (December 14, 2020). "DERRICK GREEN Plays First SEPULTURA Concert In Two Years With Broken Foot (Video)". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
118. (July 29, 2021). "SEPULTURA Announces 'North American Quadra' 2022 Tour With SACRED REICH And CROWBAR". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
119. (April 5, 2022). "SEPULTURA Recruits ANGRA Drummer BRUNO VALVERDE For Last Three Shows Of U.S. Tour".
120. (April 5, 2022). "SEPULTURA's ANDREAS KISSER Leaves European Tour Due To 'Family Emergency'; Temporary Replacement Announced".
121. (July 4, 2022). "SEPULTURA Guitarist ANDREAS KISSER Is Mourning Death Of His Wife".
122. (16 January 2023). "KREATOR And SEPULTURA Announce Spring 2023 North American Tour With DEATH ANGEL".
123. (December 21, 2020). "SEPULTURA To Release 'SepulQuarta' Album Of Quarantine Collaborations". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
124. (June 4, 2021). "SEPULTURA Announces Details Of 'SepulQuarta' Album Of Quarantine Collaborations". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
125. (July 5, 2022). "DERRICK GREEN Says SEPULTURA Won't Start Thinking About New Studio Album Until 2023 At The Earliest". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
126. "Andreas Kisser Says Sepultura Will Focus on 40th Anniversary, No Plans for New Album".
127. (November 23, 2022). "ANDREAS KISSER Says There Won't Be A New SEPULTURA Studio Album For 'A Few Years'". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
128. (August 4, 2023). "Iggor e Max Cavalera não serão convidados para festa de 40 anos do Sepultura: "Para estragar a festa?" - disse Andreas Kisser".
129. "Sepultura's Andreas Kisser Rules Out Reunion with Max and Igor Cavalera for 40th Anniversary Celebration".
130. (August 8, 2023). "SEPULTURA's ANDREAS KISSER Dismisses Possibility of Reunion with CAVALERA Brothers for Band's 40th Anniversary". Metal Addicts.
131. (August 8, 2023). "Sepultura's 40th Anniversary Celebration Won't Include the Cavalera Brothers".
132. (August 10, 2023). "ANDREAS KISSER on SEPULTURA Reuniting with MAX & IGORR for Their Upcoming Anniversary: "Why Would We do That? To Ruin the Party?"".
133. (August 22, 2023). "SEPULTURA To Celebrate 40th Anniversary In 2024 With New Live Album". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
134. (August 25, 2023). "SEPULTURA's ANDREAS KISSER on Upcoming 40th-Anniversary Live Album: 'It's Exciting'".
135. (March 26, 2025). "SEPULTURA's Final Concert Will Take Place 'At The End Of 2026': 'There's No Reason For Us To Stop In A Hurry'".
136. Dave Ling. (November 5, 2024). "Sepultura interview: The end of the road and the final UK tour".
137. (March 2, 2024). "Watch: SEPULTURA Kicks Off Farewell Tour, Plays First Show With New Drummer GREYSON NEKRUTMAN".
138. (April 4, 2024). "SEPULTURA's ANDREAS KISSER Says He's Open To Play With MAX And IGGOR CAVALERA Again".
139. (June 24, 2024). "ANDREAS KISSER Says It Would Be 'Great' To Have MAX And IGOR CAVALERA Perform With SEPULTURA At Final Show".
140. (July 3, 2024). "Max Cavalera isn't open to a classic Sepultura reunion anymore: "The more the time passes by, the more I feel that I don"t need to"".
141. Blabbermouth. (2024-02-27). "Drummer ELOY CASAGRANDE Quits SEPULTURA To Join 'Another Project'".
142. (2024-04-30). "SLIPKNOT confirm former SEPULTURA member ELOY CASAGRANDE as new drummer".
143. Greg Kennelty. (February 27, 2024). "ELOY CASAGRANDE Quits SEPULTURA".
144. (August 14, 2025). "SEPULTURA's PAULO XISTO PINTO JR. Praises New Drummer GREYSON NEKRUTMAN: 'He's Amazing'".
145. (August 31, 2025). "SEPULTURA To Release New Four-Song EP In 2026: 'It's Already Recorded'". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
146. (January 29, 2026). "SEPULTURA To Release 'The Cloud Of Unknowing' EP". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
147. (August 9, 2011). "MAX CAVALERA ON SEPULTURA'S "REALLY STRANGE," GROUNDBREAKING ALBUM 'CHAOS A.D.'". [[Classic Rock (magazine).
148. (May 29, 2013). "Andreas Kisser: "Without Slayer, Sepultura Would Never Be Possible"".
149. Avelar, Idelber. (June 12, 2011). "Sepultura". [[Duke University Press]].
150. "Sepultura - Death Metal [Death Metal Underground: Black Metal, Death Metal, Grindcore, Speed/Power Metal, Thrash and Doom Metal reviews, discographies, mp3 samples, tracklists and images]".
151. (April 11, 2007). "Ankla".
152. [http://heavymetal.about.com/od/toppicks/tp/bestsepulturacds.htm Best Sepultura Albums by Dan Marsicano - ''Retrieved'' on 11/20/2014] {{webarchive. link. (March 4, 2016)
153. "Alternative Metal".
154. (March 22, 2023). "Graves Of The 80s: An Examination Of Early SEPULTURA". Metal Injection.
155. (2016-03-30). "Greetings From the Third World: Revisiting Sepultura's Genre-Changing 'Roots'".
156. Epstein, Dan. (2016-09-09). "Max and Iggor Cavalera Talk Revisiting Sepultura's 'Roots' for Tour".
157. "Há 20 anos, visita a índios e choque cultural criavam clássico do Sepultura".
158. Kennelty, Greg. (October 10, 2016). "Igor Cavalera Admits SEPULTURA's Roots Was Heavily Influenced By KORN". [[Metal Injection]].
159. (October 22, 2024). "MAX CAVALERA Looks Back On KORN's First Album: 'It's An Incredible Record'". [[Blabbermouth.net]].
160. (August 9, 2020). "The SBR Guide to Sepultura - Discography Breakdown - Scream Blast Repeat".
161. (August 9, 2020). "No Life Til Metal - CD Gallery - Sepultura".
162. (June 12, 2011). "Sepultura - Kairos - REVIEW". Chris Ward.
163. (2025-08-22). "The 'Big 4' Bands of '90s Metal".
164. Huselid, Zahra. (2025-01-13). "10 Best Thrash Metal Bands Who Weren't The Big Four".
165. "Roots Run Deep: Twenty Years Later, Sepultura Founders Max and Iggor Cavalera Perform Their Former Band's Pinnacle Album in Full". Nashville Scene.
166. Staff, Loudwire StaffLoudwire. (2016-07-20). "Top 50 Metal Bands of All Time".
167. (October 8, 2016). "Jonathan Davis: SEPULTURA's Roots Was Blatant KORN Ripoff".
168. Stocks, Matt. (January 13, 2016). "The 10 most influential songs, by Wes Borland". Louder.
169. (August 11, 2018). "SEPULTURA Is Still Working On Securing Worldwide Release For Official Documentary".
170. (August 2013). "Reinventing Metal The True Story of Pantera and the Tragically Short Life of Dimebag Darrell". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
171. (October 8, 2011). "MACHINE HEAD Frontman Talks New Album, Touring With SEPULTURA And 'Big Four'".
172. (March 27, 2024). "RichardMetalFan Interviews! Ep. 240: Jack Owen of Six Feet Under".
173. "11 BANDS WHO WOULDN'T BE HERE WITHOUT SEPULTURA".
174. Karpe, Matt. (2021). "Nu Metal: A Definitive Guide". Sonicbond Publishing.
175. (January 26, 2021). "Children of Bodom Family Tree — The Metal".
176. "»WAKING NIGHTMARE« – INTERVIEW WITH POWER TRIP TO "NIGHTMARE LOGIC"".
177. (June 14, 2021). "Atreyu Family Tree — The Metal".
178. (May 3, 2021). "Evile Family Tree — The Metal".
179. (May 6, 2020). "Havok Family Tree — The Metal".
180. (July 2, 2020). "Pestilence Family Tree — The Metal".
181. (August 26, 2020). "Incantation Family Tree — The Metal".
182. (March 28, 2015). "GRAVE INTERVIEW".
183. "EKTOMORF Interviews - The MetalList Webzine".