Seoul City Wall

History

Construction of the Seoul City Wall was launched in 1395, and significant part of the whole City Wall was completed in 1396, including the Eight Gates. While the City Wall was continuously fortified through almost the entire history of the Joseon dynasty period, its history of fortification can be divided into three major periods during the 14th, 15th and 18th centuries.

In the early era of Joseon, one of major function of the City Wall was as an administrative demarcation distinguishing the downtown area of the capital city named as Seong-jung () or Doseong-an (), from urban peripheral areas named as Seongjeosimni (). After Joseon suffered an invasion from Japan in the 1590s by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and another invasion almost 40 years later by the Qing Empire, the City Wall was redeveloped during late Joseon period to strengthen military functions.

During the colonial era of Joseon under the Japanese empire, significant parts of the City Wall and its gates were demolished by the Japanese colonial government to modernize the cityscape of Seoul. One notable demolition is the west gate of the City Wall, Seodaemun. However, even through this period of harsh modernization, much of the City Wall survives to the present day in the Jongno and Jung districts of Seoul, it is now preserved as Historic Sites of South Korea. The City Wall is a famous tourist attraction, and still functions as a cultural boundary distinguishing Seoul's original city center of Downtown Seoul from other parts of Seoul city.

Characteristics

The original walls, built in the late 14th century, were constructed of medium-sized round stones held together by mud. During King Sejong the Great's reign in the mid-15th century, a large-scale refurbishment work was carried out on the wall, including the replacement of earthen wall sections with rectangular stone sections. A major restoration in 1704 by King Sukjong rebuilt sections of the wall using large, uniform stone slabs which mark the final and last unique characteristic of Hanyangdoseong.

The eastern section of Seoul was on lower ground than the other sections and was more susceptible to external attack. Thus, a lookout was added to the outside of the gate to reinforce its defense. A part of the walls in the section between Heunginjimun and Gwanghuimun was extended outside in a rectangular shape for such a purpose. Beacon mounds, another component of the defense system, were first established in 1394 and remained in operation until 1894. Signals sent across the country from one mound to another, using smoke by day and fire at night, were received by the beacon at the top of Namsan and conveyed to the Royal Palace. One lit beacon indicated normalcy, two indicated the appearance of an enemy, three if the enemy approached the border, four if the enemy crossed the border and five in case a battle started at the border.

Gates

Four main gates and four auxiliary gates were built around Seoul in the late 14th century. The four main gates were Dongdaemun (East Gate), Seodaemun (West Gate), Namdaemun (South Gate) and Sukjeongmun (North Gate). The four auxiliary gates were placed in areas between the four main gates, with Souimun (in the southwest), Changuimun (in the northwest), Hyehwamun (in the northeast) and Gwanghuimun (in the southeast).

At present, the following gates are either preserved in their original form or have undergone restoration work: Sungnyemun (South Gate) and Heunginjimun (East Gate) are designated as National Treasure No. 1 and Treasure No. 1, respectively.

Present condition

Hanyangdoseong, completed in 30 years, was torn down in many parts due to city planning initiatives and the introduction of trams lines. However, significant sections of the wall remain. The best-preserved and well-known course is the Wall of Mt. Bukaksan, the 2.3-km trail which cuts through Sukjeongmun to Changuimun. Previously off-limits to the public after having been designated as a Military Reserve area due to its close proximity to Cheongwadae, it opened to the public in 2006. With very few alterations or artificial structures surrounding the area over the years, the natural environment remains relatively intact.

Trail tour

The city of Seoul operates the Hanyangdoseong stamp trail tour, which runs along the wall, divided into six trails:

• Baegak Mountain Trail
• Naksan Mountain Trail
• Heunginjimun Gate Trail
• Namsan(Mongmyeoksan) Mountain Trail
• Sungnyemun Gate Trail
• Inwangsan Mountain Trail

Gallery

File:Seoul Wall with the N Seoul Tower in the Background.jpg|View of the Downtown Seoul and N Seoul Tower behind the Seoul City Wall File:서울 한양도성(서울 漢陽都城, Fortress Wall of Seoul) 2011년 11월 대한민국 서울특별시 명소 (Seoul best attractions) 사본 -낙산야경1-1.jpg|A night view from Naksan Mountain File:한양도성.jpg|A snowy view of Fortress Wall of Seoul File:Sungnyemun_Gate,_front,_2013.jpg|Sungnyemun Gate, Seoul File:KOCIS Korea Seoul Fortress 20130924 19 (9910949355).jpg|Hanyangdoseong, which shows restoration efforts made by the Seoul government File:KOCIS Korea Seoul Fortress 20130924 07 (9911038604).jpg|Hanyangdoseong at Seoul City Wall Park and Naksan Park, Seoul

References

References

1. (2021-11-30). "서울도시계획사 1 현대 이전의 도시계획 (서울역사총서 12)". Seoul Historiography Institute.
2. (August 2021). "Repair and Construction Methods of Hanyangdoseong in 18th Century". Korean Association of Architectural History.
3. (2019-06-03). "조선시대 다스림으로 본 성저십리 (서울역사중점연구 5)". Seoul Historiography Institute.
4. (April 2021). "Form and Location of Chiseong(square-shaped lookout) Constructed in Hanyangdoseong(Seoul city wall) of the 18th Century". Korean Association of Architectural History.
5. (February 2020). "Material and Deterioration Characteristic Analysis for Inscribed Stones of Naksan Mountain Area of the Hanyangdoseong(Seoul City Wall), Korea". Journal of Conservation Science.
6. McKechnie, Ben. (2024-02-01). "Discover Seoul's five best hiking trails with an expert guide". BBC Travel.
7. UNESCO. "Seoul City Wall". UNESCO.
8. Discovering Korea. (2014-07-30). "Hiking Hanyangdoseong". Discovering Korea.
9. "Beacon Ceremony at Namsan Beacon Mound". Korea Times.
10. "Namsan Beacon Mound Lighting Ceremony". Visit Seoul.
11. Visit Korea. (2014-07-30). "Hiking trip along the Wall". [[VisitKorea.or.kr]].
12. "Hanyangdoseong: Excursions Along the Wall".