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Sea lines of communication

Primary maritime routes between ports


Summary

Primary maritime routes between ports

References

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  2. Lau, Yui-yip, Qiong Chen, Mark Ching-Pong Poo, Adolf K.Y. Ng, and Chung Chui Ying. “Maritime Transport Resilience: A Systematic Literature Review on the Current State of the Art, Research Agenda and Future Research Directions.” ''Ocean & Coastal Management'' 251 (May 1, 2024): 107086–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107086.
  3. Öge, Sevil . “Overview of International Maritime Trade.” Şengün & Partners Hukuk Yayınları, August 23, 2024. https://sengunlaw.com/overview-of-international-maritime-trade/.
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  5. Bueger, Christian, and Felix Mallin. “Blue Paradigms: Understanding the Intellectual Revolution in Global Ocean Politics.” ''International Affairs'' 99, no. 4 (July 3, 2023): 1719–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad124.
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  9. Jouffray, Jean-Baptiste, Robert Blasiak, Albert V. Norström, Henrik Österblom, and Magnus Nyström. “The Blue Acceleration: The Trajectory of Human Expansion into the Ocean.” ''One Earth'' 2, no. 1 (January 2020): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.016.
  10. Bueger, Christian. “What Is Maritime Security?” ''Marine Policy'' 53, no. 1 (March 2015): 159–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005.
  11. NATO. “Counter-Piracy Operations (Archived).” NATO, May 19, 2022. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48815.htm.
  12. Notteboom, Theo, Hercules Haralambides, and Kevin Cullinane. “The Red Sea Crisis: Ramifications for Vessel Operations, Shipping Networks, and Maritime Supply Chains.” ''Maritime Economics & Logistics'' 26, no. 1 (February 20, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-024-00287-z.
  13. Robitaille, Marie-Claire. “Maritime Piracy and International Trade.” ''Defence and Peace Economics'' 31, no. 8 (June 17, 2019): 957–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1627511.
  14. Burlando, Alfredo, Anca D. Cristea, and Logan M. Lee. “The Trade Consequences of Maritime Insecurity: Evidence from Somali Piracy.” ''Review of International Economics'' 23, no. 3 (May 28, 2015): 525–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12183.
  15. Galgano, Francis A. “Hostis Humani Generis: Pirates and Global Maritime Commerce.” ''Research in Globalization'' 8 (June 1, 2024): 100188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100188.
  16. Sandkamp, Alexander, Vincent Stamer, and Shuyao Yang. “Where Has the Rum Gone? The Impact of Maritime Piracy on Trade and Transport.” ''Review of World Economics'' 158 (October 8, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-021-00442-1.
  17. Nandini, Syamsul Ma’arif, Syamsunasir, and Pujo Widodo. “The Red Sea Crisis: Implications of the Houthi Attack on Maritime Trade and Global Security.” ''International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences'' 4, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v4i1.1135.
  18. Rai, Alka. “Turbulent Waters in the Red Sea: Understanding Maritime Shipping Business Impacts and Implications.” ''Journal of Transportation Security'' 18, no. 1 (September 12, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-025-00299-7.
  19. Yudaruddin, Rizky, Dadang Lesmana, Yanzil Azizil Yudaruddin, Norliza Che Yahya, and Ayesha Anwar. “Disruptions in Global Trade Routes: Market Reactions to the US–Houthi Conflict in the Consumer Cyclical Sector.” ''International Journal of Development Issues'' 24, no. 3 (January 13, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-09-2024-0244.
  20. Helwa, Racha, and Perrihan Al-Riffai. “A Lifeline under Threat: Why the Suez Canal’s Security Matters for the World.” Atlantic Council, March 20, 2025. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/a-lifeline-under-threat-why-the-suez-canals-security-matters-for-the-world/.
  21. Rodriguez-Diaz, Emilio, J. I. Alcaide, and R. Garcia-Llave. “Challenges and Security Risks in the Red Sea: Impact of Houthi Attacks on Maritime Traffic.” ''Journal of Marine Science and Engineering'' 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2024): 1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111900.
  22. Bacrot, Céline, and Marc-Antoine Faure. “Red Sea Crisis and Implications for Trade Facilitation in Africa. UNCTAD.” unctad.org, April 17, 2024. https://unctad.org/news/red-sea-crisis-and-implications-trade-facilitation-africa.
  23. Zhu, Shengda, Xiaowen Fu, Adolf K.Y. Ng, Meifeng Luo, and Ying-En Ge. “The Environmental Costs and Economic Implications of Container Shipping on the Northern Sea Route.” ''Maritime Policy & Management'' 45, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 456–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2018.1443228.
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