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Scombridae

Family of fishes

Family of fishes

Scombrinae The mackerel, tuna, and bonito family, Scombridae, includes many of the most important and familiar food fishes. The family consists of 51 species in 15 genera and two subfamilies. All species are in the subfamily Scombrinae, except the butterfly kingfish, which is the sole member of subfamily Gasterochismatinae.

Scombrids have two dorsal fins and a series of finlets behind the rear dorsal fin and anal fin. The caudal fin is strongly divided and rigid, with a slender, ridged base. The first (spiny) dorsal fin and the pelvic fins are normally retracted into body grooves. Species lengths vary from the 20 cm of the island mackerel to the 4.58 m recorded for the immense Atlantic bluefin tuna.

Scombrids are generally predators of the open ocean, and are found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. They are capable of considerable speed, due to a highly streamlined body and retractable fins. Some members of the family, in particular the tunas, are notable for being partially endothermic (warm-blooded), a feature that also helps them to maintain high speed and activity. Other adaptations include a large amount of red muscle, allowing them to maintain activity over long periods. Scombrids like the yellowfin tuna can reach speeds of 22 km/h.

Classification

Jordan, Evermann, and Clark (1930) divide these fishes into the four families: Cybiidae, Katsuwonidae, Scombridae, and Thunnidae, but taxonomists later classified them all into a single family, the Scombridae.

The World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that a dramatic fall of 74% occurred in worldwide stocks of scombridae fish between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years".

Extant genera

The 51 extant species are in 15 genera and two subfamilies – with the subfamily Scombrinae further grouped into four tribes, as:

;Family Scombridae

  • Subfamily Gasterochismatinae
    • Genus Gasterochisma
  • Subfamily Scombrinae
    • Tribe Scombrini – mackerels
      • Genus Rastrelliger
      • Genus Scomber
    • Tribe Scomberomorini – Spanish mackerels
      • Genus Acanthocybium
      • Genus Grammatorcynus
      • Genus Orcynopsis
      • Genus Scomberomorus
    • Tribe Sardini – bonitos
      • Genus Sarda
      • Genus Cybiosarda
      • Genus Gymnosarda
    • Tribe Thunnini – tunas
      • Genus Allothunnus
      • Genus Auxis
      • Genus Euthynnus
      • Genus Katsuwonus
      • Genus Thunnus

Fossil genera

The following fossil genera are known:

  • Genus †Aramichthys (fossil; middle Eocene of Syria)
  • Genus †Eoscomber (fossil; early Eocene of Senegal)
  • Genus †Eoscombrus (fossil; late Eocene of California)
  • Genus †Godsilia (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
  • Genus †Landanichthys (fossil; middle Paleocene of Angola)
  • Genus †Pseudauxides (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
  • Genus †Scombrinus (fossil; early Eocene of England)
  • Genus †Thunnoscomberoides (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
  • Genus †Wetherellus (fossil; early Eocene of England)
  • Subfamily Scombrinae
    • Genus †Tamesichthys (early Eocene of England)
    • Genus †Mioscomber (middle Miocene of the North Caucasus (Russia) and Croatia)
    • Tribe †Eocoelopomini
      • Genus †Eocoelopoma (early Eocene of England & Turkmenistan)
      • Genus †Palaeothunnus (early Eocene of Turkmenistan)
      • Genus †Micrornatus (early Eocene of England)
    • Tribe Scomberomorini
      • Genus †Caucombrus (Early Oligocene of the North Caucasus (Russia) and Germany)
      • Genus †Neocybium (Late Eocene of Kazakhstan, Early Oligocene of Germany & Georgia)
      • Genus †Palaeocybium (fossil; Eocene to Oligocene of the United States and parts of Europe)
    • Tribe Scombrini
      • Genus †Auxides (early Eocene of Senegal, Turkmenistan, and much of Europe) (=Scombrosarda)

References

References

  1. (May 2018). "Molecular data support separate Scombroid and Xiphioid Clades". Bulletin of Marine Science.
  2. (2016-10-15). "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited". Biology Open.
  3. [[David Starr Jordan]], [[Barton Warren Evermann]] and [[H. Walton Clark]]. (1930). "Report of the Commission for 1928". U.S. Commission for Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C..
  4. {{ITIS
  5. {{FishBase family. (2006)
  6. "Archived copy".
  7. "PBDB Taxon".
  8. (1959). "Notes et mémoires sur le Moyen-Orient". Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.
  9. Claeson, Kerin M.. (2015). "New fossil scombrid (Pelagia: Scombridae) fishes preserved as predator and prey from the Eocene of Senegal". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
  10. David, Lorre R.. (1946). "Some Typical Upper Eogene Fish Scales from California". Contributions to Paleontology.
  11. (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica.
  12. Monsch, Kenneth A.. (2004). "Revision of the scombroid fishes from the Cenozoic of England". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
  13. Bannikov, A. F.. (2024-06-01). "A New Genus for the Sarmatian (Uppermost Middle Miocene) Mackerels (Scombridae) from the North Caucasus". Paleontological Journal.
  14. (2016). "The one that got away from Smith Woodward: cranial anatomy of Micrornatus (Acanthomorpha: Scombridae) revealed using computed microtomography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications.
  15. Bannikov, A. F.. (2020-01-01). "A New Genus and Species of Scombrid Fish (Perciformes, Scombroidei, Scombridae) from the Lower Oligocene of the Caucasus". Paleontological Journal.
  16. (2011). "New taxonomic synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombroidei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic of territories of the former USSR". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
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