Sattva

Hinduism

Samkhya Philosophy

In Samkhya philosophy, a is one of three "tendencies, qualities": sattva, rajas and tamas. This category of qualities has been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena. The three qualities are:

• Sattva is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalizing, holistic, constructive, creative, building, positive attitude, luminous, serenity, being-ness, peaceful, virtuous.
• Rajas is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoistic, individualizing, driven, moving, dynamic.
• Tamas is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impure, destructive, delusion, negative, dull or inactive, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violent, vicious, ignorant.

In Indian philosophy, these qualities are not considered as present in either-or fashion. Rather, everyone and everything has all three, only in different proportions and in different contexts. The living being or substance is viewed as the net result of the joint effect of these three qualities.

According to the Samkhya school, no one and nothing is either purely sattvik or purely rajasik or purely tamasik.

Bhagavad Gita

The Bhagavad Gita describes sattva as a path to liberation. It describes sattva as superior to the other two gunas because it brings clarity, leads to higher realms, and is without impurities, but it is also described as a cause of bondage. Verse 14.6 describes sattva as:

It causes bondage, as explained in verse 14.9, by attachment to happiness.

Vishishtadvaita

According to Ramanuja, the divine realm (Vaikuntha) is composed of pure, immutable sattva, or shuddha sattva. In liberation, the individual self transcends its material body and attains a pure form composed of shuddha sattva.

Buddhism

Sattva, or satta in Pali language, is found in Buddhist texts, such as in Bodhi-sattva. The sattva in Buddhism means "a living being, creature, person or sentient being".

References

References

1. Gerald James Larson. (2001). "Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning". Motilal Banarsidass.
2. James G. Lochtefeld, "Sattva", in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'': A–M, Vol. 2, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN. 978-0823931798, p. 608
3. Ian Whicher (1998), ''The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana'', State University of New York Press, pp. 86–87, 124–125, 163–167, 238–243 {{ISBN?}}
4. Carus, Paul. "Karma and Nirvana. Are the Buddhist Doctrines Nihilistic?" Monist 4 (1893-94): 417-439.
5. [[Joseph Alter. Alter, Joseph S.]], ''[[Yoga in Modern India]]'', 2004 Princeton University Press, p. 55
6. Mikel Burley. (2007). "Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience". Routledge.
7. Ian Whicher (1998), ''The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana'', State University of New York Press, pp. 63, 124–129, 138, 188–190
8. Ian Whicher (1998), ''The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana'', State University of New York Press, pp. 63, 110–112, 124–126, 163, 188
9. James G. Lochtefeld, "Sattva", in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'': A–M, Vol. 2, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN. 978-0823931798, p. 265
10. Sutton, Nicholas. (2016-12-16). "Bhagavad-Gita". Blurb, Incorporated.
11. Sutton, Nicholas. (2016-12-16). "Bhagavad-Gita". Blurb, Incorporated.
12. Fowler, Jeaneane. (2020-02-21). "Causality: Macrocosmic and Microcosmic Theories of Cause and Effect in Belief Systems". Liverpool University Press.
13. (1905). "The Pali-English Dictionary". Asian Educational Services.