Title of the elected head of a village in India
A sarpanch, gram pradhan, mukhiya or president is a decision-maker, elected by the village-level constitutional body of local self-government called the gram sabha (village government) in India. The sarpanch, together with other elected panchayat members (referred to as ward panch or ward member), constitute gram panchayats and zilla panchayats. The sarpanch is the focal point of contact between government officers and the village community and retains power for five years. The term used to refer to the sarpanch can vary across different states of India. There are many commonly used terms for sarpanch in various states: panchayat president, gram pramukh, gram pradhan, gram adhyaksha, gaon panchayat president, gram panchayat president, etc*.*
Meaning of ''sarpanch''
Sar, meaning head, and panch, meaning five, gives the meaning head of the five decision-makers of the gram panchayat of the village. In the state of West Bengal, a sarpanch is called a panchayat pradhan ("chief"), and the deputy is a panchyat upa-pradhan.
Nomenclature
A sarpanch is a term used to refer to the elected head of a village-level statutory institution called the Gram Panchayat/Village Panchayat/Gram Parishad.
However, the term used to refer to the sarpanch can vary across different states of India. Here are some of the commonly used terms for sarpanch in various states:
:Gram Pradhan -
:**Sarpanch** -
::Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha.
::
:**Panchayat President** -
::Karnataka,Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal.
:**Mandal Praja Parishad President** -
::Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
::
:**Mukhiya** -
::Bihar, Jharkhand.
:**Gaon Panchayat President** -
::Assam.
::
::
## Roles and responsibilities
A sarpanch performs a number of administrative duties. A Sarpanch (president) is the elected head of a Gram Panchayat, while the Secretary serves as its administrative officer, appointed by the state government.
## Eligibility
A sarpanch must be a citizen of at least 21 years of age, and have no legal convictions, among other requirements.
## Tenure
The tenure of sarpanch in India is five years.
## Panchayati raj
India's federal structure of governance means that different states have different laws governing the powers of the gram panchayats and sarpanches.
### Panchayat elections
In many states, elections were not held for decades and instead of elected sarpanches, the gram panchayats were run by bureaucratically appointed administrators. With the passage of 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments in 1992, a number of safeguards have been built in, including those pertaining to regular elections.
### Reservation for women
Article 243D(3) of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment requires one-third of seats in panchayats and one-third of panchayat chairperson positions be reserved for women, across all three levels of the panchayati raj system. This amendment followed various state-level legislative reforms in which reservations were set for panchayat positions to be held by women.
## References
## References
1. (2004). ["Grassroots Democracy in Action: A Study of Working of PRIs in Haryana"](https://books.google.com/books?id=3MbwdXsDLT8C&q=Sarpanch+female). *Concept Publishing Company*.
2. ["East Eleri: Congress loses panchayat president post again as official faction mutates into rebels now"](https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/04/04/east-eleri-congress-loses-panchayat-president-post-again-as-official-faction-mutates-into-rebels-now.html).
3. ["Presidents of Gaon Panchayat {{!}} Dhubri District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India"](https://dhubri.assam.gov.in/information-and-services-level-three/presidents-gaon-panchayat/panchayat-election-2018-2019/people-representatives).
4. ["What is a Panchayat?"](https://www.pria.org/panchayathub/panchayat_text_view.php).
5. ["Elected Representative Report"](https://egramswaraj.gov.in/ElectedRepresentativeReport.do).
6. (19 April 2020). ["sarpanches to get district collectors powers to fight against covid 19 in odisha-"](https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sarpanches-to-get-district-collector-s-powers-to-fight-against-covid-19-odisha-cm-11587307323122.html). *livemint.com*.
7. ["Archived copy"](https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/system/files/article/Kerala%20Panchayati%20Raj%20Act%201994%20and%20Rules.pdf).
8. (7 March 2021). ["Uttar Pradesh Gram Panchayat Election 2021: Minimum Qualifications For Holding Office Of Pradhan"](https://www.india.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-up-gram-panchayat-panchayat-chunav-2021-reservation-aarakshan-seat-list-minimum-qualifications-for-holding-office-of-pradhan-citizen-of-india-age-limit-documents-required-4469348/). *www.india.com*.
9. (16 November 2021). ["Minimum qualification set as Haryana passes Panchayati Raj Bill"](https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Minimum-qualification-set-as-Haryana-passes-Panchayati-Raj-Bill/article60210639.ece). *thehindu.com*.
10. (10 February 2016). ["What has education got to do with panchayat politics?"](https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Qpd0yXsMHvlmGDN3foOALM/What-has-education-got-to-do-with-panchayat-politics.html). *livemint.com*.
11. (24 April 2021). ["Panchayati Raj: Powers, Functions, Duties Role and Responsibilities of Sarpanch or Panchayati Raj Head"](https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/panchayati-raj-powers-functions-duties-role-and-responsibilities-of-sarpanch-or-panchayati-raj-head-rc1017084). *jagrantv.com*.
12. ["Study Material For B.a History Panchayat Raj In India Semester – V, Academic Year 2020–21"](http://kamarajcollege.ac.in/Department/History/III%20Year/006%20Major%20Elective%202%20-%20Panchayat%20Raj%20in%20India%20-%20V%20Sem.pdf).
13. ["Constitution of India"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IX). *Government of India*.
14. Sharma, Kumud. (1998). "Transformative Politics: Dimensions of Women's Participation in Panchayati Raj". *Indian Journal of Gender Studies*.
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