Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

History

Duke of Milan Francesco I Sforza ordered the construction of a Dominican convent and church at the site of a prior chapel dedicated to the Marian devotion of St Mary of the Graces. The main architect, Guiniforte Solari, designed the convent (the Gothic nave), which was completed by 1469. Construction of the church took decades. Duke Ludovico Sforza decided to have the church serve as the Sforza family burial site, and rebuilt the cloister and the apse, both completed after 1490. Ludovico's wife Beatrice was buried in the church in 1497.

The design of the apse of the church has been attributed to Donato Bramante, as his name is inscribed in a piece of marble in the church vaults delivered in 1494. However, some dispute that he worked on the church at all. According to one source, in 1492–1497 Bramante worked on the crossing and the dome as well the transept apses and the coir with apse; this source also attributes a plan and section of the building to Bramante. Some documents mention the name Amadeo, likely Giovanni Antonio Amadeo. There are similarities between this church and Amadeo's design for Santa Maria alla Fontana.

In 1543, the Titian altarpiece depicting Christ receiving the crown of thorns was installed in the Chapel of the Holy Crown, located on the right of the nave. The painting, looted by French troops in 1797, is now in the Louvre. This chapel is frescoed with Stories of the Passion by Gaudenzio Ferrari. In the small cloister adjacent to the tribune near the door that leads to the sacristy is a fresco by Bramantino. The church also contained frescoes depicting the Resurrection and Passion by Bernardo Zenale.

Composer and cellist Giovanni Perroni served as maestro di cappella at the cathedral from 1718–1720.

World War II

During World War II, on the night of 15 August 1943, an allied aerial bombardment hit the church and the convent. Much of the refectory was destroyed, but some walls survived, including the one that holds The Last Supper, which had been sand-bagged in order to protect it. Some preservation works are done to maintain it for the future. Previously distorted by attempts at restoration carried out over the centuries, Leonardo’s original painting has now emerged as a result of the work begun in 1978 and completed in 1999. This involved addressing complex problems as regards not only the painting itself but also the environment of the refectory in order to protect the work from the dust, fumes and humidity identified as the primary causes of its constant deterioration. It is believed that the current and future preservation works will keep the painting safe for many centuries to come.

Contemporary

Nowadays the Sacrestia vecchia, or the Old Sacristy, designed and constructed by Donato Bramante, is the seat of a Dominican Cultural Centre (Centro Culturale alle Grazie), in which the brethren organize and host conferences on various themes pertaining to spirituality, philosophy, art, literature and sociology, in addition to musical concerts and artistic exhibitions.

Gallery

File:Chiesa Santa Maria delle Grazie, before 1976 - Archivio Accademia delle Scienze Torino, Millon 66 28 295.jpg|The Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie prior to 1976 File:Chiostro delle rane (fontana circolare), Donato Bramante, Milano-Italia.jpg|Cloister of Santa Maria delle Grazie File:Milano - Chiesa di Santa Maria delle Grazie - 2023-09-24 14-46-52 036.jpg|Passage leading to the monks' private cloister File:Milano Basilica di Santa Maria delle Grazie Innen Langhaus Ost 2.jpg|Interior view File:Coro della Tribuna di Santa Maria della Grazie, Donato Bramante, Milano-Italia.jpg|View of the choir and tribune File:Da Vinci Last Supper Milan 04 2024 7011.jpg|Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper, as it appears on the refectory wall File:Donato Montorfano Crocifissione di Santa Maria delle Grazie Milano.jpg|Crucifixion by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano, 1495, opposite Leonardo's Last Supper File:Milano Bombing 1943.jpg|Results of the Allied raid in 1943

References

Footnotes

Citations

References

1. Weigert, Hans. (1961). "Buildings of Europe: Renaissance Europe". [[The Macmillan Company]].
2. "Guiniforte Solari".
3. "Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper". Timeout.com.
4. "A World History of Architecture" p. 301 (Michael Fazio, Marian Moffett 3rd Edition)
5. Cited in the Italian Wikipedia entry
6. Boni, Filippo de'. (1852). "''Biografia degli artisti ovvero dizionario della vita e delle opere dei pittori, degli scultori, degli intagliatori, dei tipografi e dei musici di ogni nazione che fiorirono da'tempi più remoti sino á nostri giorni. Seconda Edizione.''". Presso Andrea Santini e Figlio.
7. [[Rudolf Schnitzler]]: "Perroni [Peroni], Giovanni", ''Grove Music Online'' ed. L. Macy (Accessed September 15, 2019), [http://www.grovemusic.com (subscription access)] {{Webarchive. link. (2008-05-16)
8. "Santa Maria Delle Grazie".