Salem, Tamil Nadu

History

Early period

Around the beginning of the common era, the existence of a culturally and economically advanced society in Salem two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins of the Roman Emperor Tiberices Claudices Nero (37–68 CE) in Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. Later, the Pandya dynasty started ruling the region around Salem. Afterwards, the Pallava dynasty arose in Salem, followed by Mahendra Varma Pallava coming to Salem and the rise of Saivite principles. Mahendra Varma Pallava was succeeded by Narasimha Varma Pallava. Soon, the Pandya dynasty ruled over Salem. The Hoysala rule established in Salem and parts around Salem was retained under the Pandya dynasty.

Medieval period

The city has also been a part of the Chola Dynasty. A mosque in the city is believed to have been built by Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present-day state of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the Chola dynasty and were part of the trade route with the Roman Empire. It was later governed by Poligars, who built temples and forts in and around the city. It was part of the Vijayanagara Empire before being captured by Hyder Ali during the early 18th century, after the Mysore-Madurai war. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between Kongu Nadu, led by Dheeran Chinnamalai, and the British.

Modern period

Salem became part of Salem district since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530 km2 comprising the present-day Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.

Until 2008, the city was part of the Salem I and Salem II assembly constituencies. Salem is also a home to one of the earliest film studios in the country, Modern Theatres.

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Salem

Salem is located at , at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, Kanjamalai on the west, Godumalai on the east and the Shevaroy Hills on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem. The Thirumanimutharu River flows through the city, dividing it in two. The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.

Location

Salem lies in the foothills of Shevaroy hills which houses the famous hill Station 'Yercaud'. It is located about 140 km northwest of Tiruchirappalli, 170 km northeast of Coimbatore, 206 km southeast of Bangalore and about 346 km southwest of the state capital, Chennai.

Water bodies

Mettur Dam is the main water resource for Salem District.

Climate

Salem has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The northeast monsoon occurs from October to December.

| Jan record high C = 37.2 | Feb record high C = 39.8 | Mar record high C = 41.7 | Apr record high C = 42.8 | May record high C = 42.8 | Jun record high C = 42.8 | Jul record high C = 40.6 | Aug record high C = 39.9 | Sep record high C = 38.9 | Oct record high C = 37.9 | Nov record high C = 36.4 | Dec record high C = 35.6 | year record high C = 42.8 | Jan record low C = 12.8 | Feb record low C = 11.1 | Mar record low C = 14.4 | Apr record low C = 16.5 | May record low C = 18.3 | Jun record low C = 19.3 | Jul record low C = 18.9 | Aug record low C = 18.1 | Sep record low C = 18.5 | Oct record low C = 15.5 | Nov record low C = 12.8 | Dec record low C = 12.8 | year record low C = 11.1 | access-date = April 8, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | access-date = 29 March 2020}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | access-date = 29 March 2020}}

Administration and politics

Municipal corporation

Salem is the headquarters of Salem district. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 72 wards, each with an elected councillor. The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner. Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council, headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson.

State Assembly

In 2008, the constituencies of Salem were redrawn as Salem North, Salem South and Salem West. The city elects the three members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. Present MLAs are R. Rajendran (Salem North) from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Arul Ramadoss (Salem West) from Pattali Makkal Katchi and E. Balasubramanian (Salem South) from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

Parliament

The city is part of the Salem Lok Sabha constituency. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is T. M. Selvaganapathy from the DMK.

Law enforcement

Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Police commissioner. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police.

Salem Central Prison which is located at Hastampatti, serves as the central prison for Salem district. Constructed in 1862, it is one of the oldest prisons in India and has a capacity of 1431 inmates.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Salem, Tamil Nadu

Salem is a major textile centre in Tamil Nadu, with more than 125 spinning mills, weaving units and garment units. Until the 1960s, it had fewer spinning mills. Private handloom weaving began to increase in the region after the 1960s and during the 1980s, the textile industry expanded with major spinning mills and dyeing units established supporting the industry.

The area also houses a number of sago factories for the production starch. In Salem district, 34000 ha of land are devoted to cassava and 650 industrial units are engaged in tapioca processing. In 1981, the Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (SAGOSERVE) was established to promote the sago industry and nearly 80 percent of the national demand for sago and starch is met by SAGOSERVE. In and around Salem cassava yields are 25–30 tons per hectare, one of the highest in the world; the national average is 19 tons per hectare, and the world average is 10 tons.

The Salem Steel Plant, a unit of the Steel Authority of India, produces cold-rolled stainless steel and a hot-rolled stainless-carbon steel alloy. The plant is being expanded and modernized, with plans for steel-melting and continuous-casting facilities. The Southern Iron and Steel Company (part of JSW Steel) have their first integrated steel plant in Salem for the production of TMT corrosion-resistant bars and alloy steels. The Salem region is rich in mineral ores, with some of the largest magnesite and bauxite deposits in India. Public and private magnesite factories include Burn Standard and Company, Dalmia Magnesites and Tata Refractories.

Salem Mango belt contributes the economy in large scale by exporting mangoes to foreign countries and supplying mangoes all over India. The Leigh Bazaar is the region's largest market for agricultural products. The Tamil Nadu government and the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu are planning a 160 acre IT park in the city. The Steel Authority of India is planning a 250 acre steel special economic zone in its Salem plant, and an electrical and electronics industrial estate is in the Suramangalam area of the city.

Demographics

|1871 |50012 |1881 |50667 |1891 |67710 |1901 |70621 |1911|59153 |1921|52244 |1931|102179 |1941|129702 |1951|203052 |1961|249145 |1971| |1981| |1991|366712 |2001|696760 |2011|829267

Salem had a population of 826,267 in the 2011 census. There were 987 females for every 1,000 males, significantly higher than the national average of 929. The main language spoken is Tamil. Kannada is spoken among Devayanga community. A total of 79,067 were under age six: 40,570 males and 38,497 females. The city's literacy rate was 76.37 percent, higher than the national average of 72.99 percent. Salem had 215,747 households and a total of 332,147 workers: 1,599 farmers, 3,040 agricultural laborers, 32,597 in household industries, 278,892 other workers, 16,019 part-time workers, 165 part-time farmers, 544 part-time agricultural workers, 1,937 part-time workers in household industries and 13,373 other part-time workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Salem had 89.79% Hindus, 7.48% Muslims, 2.36% Christians, 0.11% Jains, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.2% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

Religious landmarks

Salem has several Hindu temples. The Kottai Perumal koil is present in centre of the city (also called as Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem). This temple is one of the Pancha Bhrigu Kshethram and the rest are Tirupathi, Sarangapani temple, Nachiyar Koil, Alagirinathar Temple, and Oppiliappan temple. The Kottai Mariamman Temple, dedicated to the goddess Mariamman, has an annual five-day festival during the Tamizh month of Aadi (mid-July to mid-August). The temple's gopuram is made up of seven tiers. Sugavaneshwarar Temple is dedicated to Shiva, and according to mythology the sage Sugha Brahmarishi is worshiped there. Arunagirinadhar sang a song about Muruga in the temple, which was built during the 13th century by Mamannan Sundara Pandiyan. Kottai Perumal Temple, Skandhashram,

Jamia Masjid is Salem's oldest mosque and lies on the southern bank of the Thirumanimutharu River in the heart of the city. It was reportedly built by the Kingdom of Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, who is said to have prayed here. The Masjid Inam granted to the mosque in 1862 was confirmed by the British with a special resolution in 1880.

Christ Church is located on Fort Road and the church was consecrated in 1875. The other popular churches in and around the city include the Lechler Memorial Church, which is the oldest church in Salem, was built in 1856 by a German missionary in Fort Salem.

Shopping and recreation

Salem's traditional shopping areas are in the Town area, with major retailers in Bazaar Street, Car Street, First Agraharam and Chinna Kadai Street. Shevapet and the Fort area are noted for hardware and furniture, and Leigh Bazaar in Shevapet is the main wholesale market.

Reliance Shopping Mall, the city's largest shopping complex is situated near Five Roads. Other malls in the city are Nirmal Skywin mall and Kandaswarna Mega mall.

Kurumbapatti Zoological Park and Anna Park are government-run parks. Paravasa Ulagam and Dream Land are amusement parks in the city. Mookaneri (Kannankurichi) lake within the city limits is a popular tourist place and bird watching destination.

Yercaud, a major hill station in Tamil Nadu is about 20 km from Salem City. The Ghat Road starts at the end of the Salem City limits. The Ghat Road is a picturesque spot and attracts a lot of early morning walkers and joggers. Yercaud is also a famous weekend getaway for the people of Salem and nearby districts and states.

Cuisine

Thattu vadai Set (or simply called as settu) is a savory snack and popular street food, which originated in Salem and is now available in other cities in Tamil Nadu like Chennai. It is a very famous street snack available at almost every small stall set up on the streets of Salem. The sandwich consists of two crunchy thattai discs with fillings such as crispy beetroot, carrot and other vegetables smeared with green and red chutneys. Norukkal Mix, another popular snack is smashed murukku mixed with chutney, groundnut, coconut, sliced tomatoes and Chillipowder (Molagapodi). Egg Settu, Murukku Settu and Maanga Settu are the different varieties of Thattu vadai Set. Salem has a variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian hotels which offer good food at a reasonable price.

Transport

Road

Salem has six arterial roads: Omalur Road, Cherry Road, Saradha College Road, Junction Main Road, Trichy Road and Attur Road. Three National Highways originate from or pass through Salem: NH 44 (Srinagar via Madurai and Tirunelveli Kanyakumari), NH 544 (Salem – Kochi via Erode and Coimbatore and Avinashi )and NH 79 (Salem – Ulundurpet).

Salem is the headquarters of the Salem division of TNSTC. The city has two major bus stations: the MGR Integrated Bus Terminus in Meyyanoor and the Town Bus Station (Old Bus Stand) in the town area. Intercity and interstate routes and private buses originate at the Central Bus Stand (New Bus Stand), and local buses originate at the Old Bus Stand. The Anna Flyover is the oldest in the city, and the Trumpet Interchange was built in the realignment of NH 544 to ease traffic towards Coimbatore. A new double-decker flyover runs within main city centres like New bus stand, 5 roads, saratha college road, 4 roads to ease congestion on these roads. It is the longest double-decker flyover in Tamil Nadu covering a length of 7.87 km.

The Town Bus terminus is being upgraded into a double decker bus terminus, the first of this kind in the state under the smart City scheme . The terminal building of the New Bus terminus is also reconstructed under the smart City scheme.

A new bus port has also been proposed for the city at Jagirammapalayam near IT park with an area of about 61 acres. This includes a bypass road to connect the Ayothiapattinam area of the city with the bus port.

Other bus stands include the Omalur bus station and Attayampatti bus station in the outskirts of the city.

Rail

Salem Junction is an A-1 category ISO-14001 certified railway junction located in Suramangalam area, 5 km west of the city. In 2005, the Railway Board approved the creation of a Salem railway division from Palakkad and Tiruchirapalli divisions. It is the fourth-largest of the six Southern Railway zone divisions. Salem Railway Junction has been rated as the cleanest station among the divisional headquarters railway stations and also the ninth cleanest railway station in the entire country, according to a survey report published in June 2017. Other major railway stations catering to the city include Salem Town, Salem Market, Omalur Junction, Karuppur railway station and Ayothiapattinam railway station.

Air

Salem Airport (IATA SXV, ICAO VOSM) is located on the Salem-Bengaluru Highway (NH44) in Kaamalapuram about 15 km from the city. Airports Authority of India (AAI) opened the airport in 1993 for commercial operations. Kingfisher Airlines flew from Chennai but ended its service in October 2011 due to low occupancy. Trujet started services to Chennai in March 2018 as a part of the Udaan scheme by Government of India as well as Air Odisha gives connectivity to Bengaluru and Pondicherry from June 2018.

Flight services resumed from October 2023. Now, Salem is directly connected to Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Cochin.{{Airport-dest-list|Alliance Air|Bangalore, Kochi |IndiGo|Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad}}The other nearest major airports are Tiruchirappalli (152 km) and Coimbatore (148 km).

Sports

Gandhi Stadium, built originally for cricket, also hosts athletic meets, football, Volleyball and basketball. Salem District Cricket Association (SDCA) has 47 teams in league cricket. The city has 2 international standard turf grounds. The Green Valley Sports club Cricket ground is on the outskirts of Salem city. The state chief minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami inaugurated the Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium with international standards on 10 February 2020 in the presence of former cricketer Rahul Dravid and former ICC and BCCI president N. Srinivasan built at a cost of in Karivepilapatti near Vazhapadi. This newly inaugurated ground is the home ground for Salem Spartans, a TNPL team and also the second home ground for the Indian Premier League team of Chennai Super Kings.

T. Natarajan, who hails from Salem, made his international debut for the India cricket team in December 2020 He plays in the Indian Premier League for Sunrisers Hyderabad and is nicknamed as "Yorker King" for his accurate Yorkers at death overs in T20 games. In the 2020 IPL season, delivered a whopping 96 yorkers in 16 IPL matches this year. He played a major role for India to win the Dettol T20 Series 2020 in Australia.

Mariyappan Thangavelu from Salem is an Indian Paralympic high jumper. He represented India in the 2016 Summer Paralympic games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men's high jump T-42 category, winning the gold medal in the finals.

City-based teams

Education

Salem has several educational institutions with Arts and Science colleges affiliated to Periyar University founded in 1997.

• The Government College of Engineering was founded in 1966
• The Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College was established in 1986
• The Institute of Handloom Technology (IIHT), Salem was established in 1960 by Ministry of Textiles
• The Government Law College was opened in August 2019
• Sona College of Technology founded 1997
• Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College founded 1987
• Thiagarajar Polytechnic College founded 1958

Sister city

Historically, Salem has had one sister city, Salem, Oregon, USA. As of 2014, there was talk of reviving the now-stagnant Sister City project launched in 1964 with Salem in Oregon, USA.

Notable people

Arts, entertainment and television

• Sasi — film director
• S. D. Sundharam — Indian Tamil playwright, dialogue writer and lyricist
• Arivazhagan Venkatachalam — Tamil film director
• Arthur A. Wilson — cinematographer
• Taj Noor — music director
• Satish — actor

Mathematics, science and technology

• A. R. Rao — Indian mathematician
• Tiruvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman — botanist, agronomist and plant geneticist

Media

• P. Varadarajulu Naidu — founder of The Indian Express

Politics

• Edappadi K. Palaniswami — former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (Feb 2017 to May 2021)
• Veerapandy S. Arumugam — Indian politician
• P. Dhanapal — Indian politician
• Rangarajan Kumaramangalam — Indian politician
• K. Rajaram, Indian politician
• T. V. Rajeswar, Governor of Arunachal Pradesh — Indian politician
• Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy — Indian politician
• T. M. Selvaganapathy — Indian politician
• P. Subbarayan (1889–1962) — Indian politician

Sports

• Thangarasu Natarajan — Indian cricketer
• M. R. Srinivasaprasad — cricketer, represented Young India in Zimbabwe (1983/84)
• Mariyappan Thangavelu — Indian Paralympic high jumper, India's first Paralympian gold medalist since 2004
• P. V. Nandhidhaa — Indian chess player, India's 17th Woman Grandmaster
• Sai Sanjay — Indian racing driver

Others

• Arthanareesa Varma (1874–1964) — freedom fighter, poet, author and journalist

Notes

References

References

1. (30 October 2015). "My Salem – My Pride". [[Government of India]].
2. "Salem, India City Area Population 1950-2023".
3. "Primary Census Abstract – Urban Agglomeration". [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]].
4. "Some Aspects of Inter District Disparities in Tamil Nadu".
5. "Salem City Census 2011 data". Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
6. "Metroverse {{!}} Harvard Growth Lab".
7. "About Corporation". salemcorporation.gov.in.
8. "Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras". The History Files.
9. E. H. Warmington. (2014). "The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India". Cambridge University Press.
10. Asha Sridhar. (30 January 2015). "Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise". [[The Hindu]].
11. S.P.Saravanan, Saravanan. (10 April 2016). "Salem's history on a map". The Hindu.
12. (2011). "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India.
13. (2011). "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India.
14. "Falling Rain Genomic s, Inc – Salem". Fallingrain.com.
15. Syed Muthahar Saqaf. (18 January 2015). "People throng tourist spots on 'Kaanum Pongal'". [[The Hindu]].
16. SS.P. Saravanan. (26 October 2015). "River Thirumanimuthar cries for attention". [[The Hindu]].
17. "ABOUT SALEM CITY". sonatech.in.
18. "DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU". Central Ground Water Board.
19. "Ground Water Augmentation of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS". International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS).
20. (2011). "Commissioner of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation.
21. (2011). "Vice chairman of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation.
22. (2011). "MLA of Salem (North)". Government of Tamil Nadu.
23. (2011). "MLA of Salem (West)". Government of Tamil Nadu.
24. (2011). "MLA of Salem (East)". Government of Tamil Nadu.
25. (2014). "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu.
26. (1 June 2016). "Salem Corporation to increase number of wards". The Hindu.
27. (2011). "About the municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation.
28. (2006). "Commissioner of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration.
29. (2011). "Councillors of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation.
30. (1995). "Economic and political weekly, Volume 30". Sameeksha Trust.
31. "New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008". Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu.
32. (2010). "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu state government.
33. "List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies". Election Commission of India.
34. (2011). "Salem Police". Tamil Nadu Police.
35. (28 May 2024). "Salem Central Prison classified as casual prison". [[The Hindu]].
36. (18 December 2010). "Salem IIHT". [[The Hindu]].
37. "Sagoserve". indcom.
38. "Sagoserve profile". Sagoserve.
39. "Salem Steel". SAIL.
40. "JSW Companies:Salem Works". JSW.
41. "JSW Steels Ltd :TIDCO". TIDCO.
42. "Magnesite". Dept.Geology and mining, TN.
43. "Salem Mango".
44. "Tamilnadu Elcot Website". Elcot.
45. "Site for IT Park ideally situated". [[The Hindu]].
46. "Site for IT Park ideally situated". processingregister.com.
47. "Electrical and electronics industries". Government of Tamil Nadu.
48. (2011). "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu". [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]].
49. "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu (Urban)". [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]].
50. (2013). "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
51. (2013). "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Salem(05740)". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
52. (2011). "Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
53. (1 August 2016). "SalemKottaiMariamman Aadi Festival". Maalaimalar.
54. "Dinamalar Temple | News | Thuligal | Information | Story | Purana Kathigal". [[Dinamalar]].
55. (27 January 2018). "5 persons drowned in salem". Vikatan.
56. Muthahar Saqaf, Syed. (5 July 2018). "One of the tallest minarets in South India". The Hindu.
57. "Mosque Details in Corporation".
58. "Mosque Details in Salem District Govt Site".
59. (6 December 2014). "Christ Church celebrates 140 years of service in Salem". [[The Hindu]].
60. "Church and Temple Details in Salem Local Planning Authority Website".
61. (24 August 2012). "Reliance mall getting ready". [[The Hindu]].
62. (11 August 2015). "The only two amusement spots". [[The Hindu]].
63. (7 June 2013). "Newly married youth drowns in amusement park pool". [[The Times of India]].
64. (26 May 2016). "Mookeneri Lake". [[The Hindu]].
65. (26 May 2016). "Kumaragiri Lake". [[The Hindu]].
66. (19 May 2016). "Mookeneri Birds". [[The Hindu]].
67. Saravanan, S.P.. "Salem's own evening Snack". The Hindu.
68. Sripathi, Apoorva. "Chaat with a local flavour". The Hindu.
69. (19 February 2010). "This is Salem special Thattuvadai set". [[Dinakaran]].
70. (22 May 2018). "Ever Tried 'Thattaivadai Settu'? This Iconic Salem Street Snack Is a Must-Have!".
71. "17 Chennai Street Foods That'll Make Other City People Feel Bad That They Don't Have These". chennaimemes.in.
72. Basu, Soma. "Salem's famous 'thattu vadai' comes to Madurai". The Hindu.
73. Foods, Tredy. "Type of Thattuvadai in Salem".
74. "List of National Highway, National Highways of India, National Highways". Indiamapped.com.
75. "Two tier bus terminal to come up in Salem".
76. "New bus port to come up at salem".
77. ISO, Salem. "Salem junction gets ISO 14001 certification". [[The Times of India]].
78. Cleanest, Salem. "Salem among top 10 cleanest railway stations". [[The Hindu]].
79. Cleanest, Salem. "Proposal to make Salem Town an all-women railway station". DTnext.
80. (2 May 2018). "Air Odisha – Flight Schedule".
81. "More flying schools land in Salem airport as commercial flights shut". The Times of India.
82. Ananth, M.K.. "Efforts underway to revive Salem Airport". [[The Hindu]].
83. "Chennai flight puts Salem on aviation map". [[The Indian Express]].
84. Sivapriyan, E.T.B.. (16 October 2023). "Salem Airport resumes operation with inaugural flight from Bengaluru". Deccan Herald.
85. Sengupta, Joy. (30 October 2023). "IndiGo commences operations from Salem". The Times of India.
86. "Mahatma Gandhi Stadium in Salem to be renovated". [[The Hindu]].
87. Prasad, Bagawati. "Salem in search of "ground reality'". [[The Times of India]].
88. "Salem to soon have a cricket stadium of international stature'". [[The Times of India]].
89. (10 February 2020). "Salem gets new cricket ground". [[The Times of India]].
90. (9 February 2020). "Dravid believes next generation of cricketers emerge from smaller cities and towns". [[The Hindu]].
91. (10 February 2020). "TNPL Season-5 draft today". [[The Hindu]].
92. (19 February 2020). "Coimbatore, Salem on TNPL map this season". [[The New Indian Express]].
93. "T. Natarajan". ESPNcricinfo.
94. "From Salem and TNPL, IPL exploits to India cap – The inspirational journey of T Natarajan".
95. "Natarajan's rise – a triumph of the spirit". [[The Hindu]].
96. (2016-09-10). "Paralympics 2016 {{!}} Mariyappan Thangavelu wins India's first gold in Rio".
97. (15 February 2020). "Chennai may not host TNPL matches this year". [[The Hindu]].
98. "Genesis of GCE".
99. (12 June 2018). "MBBS: distribution of forms begins in Salem". [[The Hindu]].
100. "GMKMC, SALEM".
101. (26 June 2016). "Textiles Mininistry decides to continue diploma courses at IIHT". [[The Indian Express]].
102. (20 June 2017). "Anna University ranking: Top 10 affiliated colleges based on last year's results". [[The Indian Express]].
103. (29 August 2019). "Govt law college Inaugurated in Theni". [[The Times of India]].
104. (19 August 2019). "Permanent building for law college to come up on salem". [[The Hindu]].
105. "Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College about us".
106. "Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, History".
107. Syed Muthahar Saqaf. (3 December 2014). "Sister City Project revived in Salem". The Hindu.
108. (2017-08-01). "TN Chief Minister honours Chess champion Nandhidhaa".