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Sachem

Paramount chief of certain North American tribes

A sachem or sagamore is a usually male paramount chief among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of northeastern North America, including the Iroquois. The two words are anglicizations of cognate terms (c. 1622) from different Eastern Algonquian languages. Some sources indicate the sagamore was a lesser chief elected by a single band, while the sachem was the head or representative elected by a tribe or group of bands; others suggest the two terms were interchangeable. The sachem is an appointed or elected position and not strictly hereditary. However, the choice of sachem is at least partly based on the prominence of the individual's family or kinship ties to the previous sachem.

Etymology

The Oxford English Dictionary found a use from 1613. The term "Sagamore" appears in Noah Webster's first An American Dictionary of the English Language published in 1828, as well as the 1917 Webster's New International Dictionary.

One modern source explains:

According to Captain John Smith, who explored New England in 1614, the Massachusett tribes called their kings "sachems" while the Penobscots (of present-day Maine) used the term "sagamos" (anglicized as "sagamore"). Conversely, Deputy Governor Thomas Dudley of Roxbury wrote in 1631 that the kings in the Massachusetts Bay bay area were called sagamores, but were called sachems southward (in Plymouth). The two terms apparently came from the same root. Although "sagamore" has sometimes been defined by colonists and historians as a subordinate lord (or subordinate chief), modern opinion is that "sachem" and "sagamore" are dialectical variations of the same word.

Cognate words

Family	Language	Word	Notes
Eastern Algonquian	Proto-Eastern Algonquian	*sākimāw	theoretical reconstruction
Narragansett	sâchim	anglicized as sachem
Lenape	sakima	derived from earlier form sakimaw
Eastern Abnaki	sakəma	anglicized as sagamore
Mi'kmaq	saqamaw	Ninigret
Malecite-Passamaquoddy	sakom
Western Abnaki	sôgmô
Wangunk	sequin
Central Algonquian	Proto-Central Algonquian	*okimāwa	theoretical reconstruction
Anishinaabe	ogimaa
Algonquin	ogimà
Ottawa	gimaa
Potawatomi	wgema	anglicised as Ogema
Eastern Swampy Cree	okimâw
Northern East Cree	uchimaa
Southern East Cree	uchimaa
Naskapi	iiyuuchimaaw	url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201931/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/naskapi/020011-150-e.php?uid=020011-nlc003120&uidc=recKey	date=2008-05-27 }}. Kawawachikamach, Quebec: Naskapi Development Corp.
Miami-Illinois	akima

Chiefs

The "great chief" (Southern New England Algonquian: massasoit sachem) whose aid was such a boon to the Plymouth Colony—although his motives were complex—is remembered today as simply Massasoit.

Another sachem, Mahomet Weyonomon of the Mohegan tribe, travelled to London in 1735, to petition King George II for fairer treatment of his people. He complained that their lands were becoming overrun by encroachment from white settlers. Other sachems included Uncas, Wonalancet, Madockawando, and Samoset.

In popular culture

Government and politics

The leader of New York City's Tammany Hall was officially referred to as Sachem.
In the 1940s, the legislature of Indiana created the honorary title of "Sagamore of the Wabash", analogous to Kentucky Colonel. In 1996, the government designated "Sachem of the Wabash" as a higher honor.

Schools

Sachem School District, on Long Island, one of the largest school districts on the island.
Algonquin Regional High School, in Northborough, MA, named its art and poetry magazine Sachem after this Algonquian word.
Laconia High School, in Laconia, NH, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".
Middleborough High School, in Middleboro, MA, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".
Pentucket Regional High School, in West Newbury, MA, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".
Saugus High School, in Saugus, MA, refers to all of its athletic teams as the "Sachems".
Massapequa High School, in Massapequa, NY, named its annual student yearbook The Sachem.
The Sachems, a secret society at Columbia University

References

| chapter-url= http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/sagamore}}

References

[http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org/Literature/NativeAmericans&Blacks/MainStreet/MMD666.html Life & Times: Squaw Sachem"] {{Webarchive. link. (2008-10-10 , ''Hawthorne in Salem'', ''The Daily Times Chronicle'', Winchester Edition (MA), December 1999, accessed 27 Jan 2010)
Kehoe, Alice. North American Indians, A Comprehensive Account. Third Edition. 2006
"Jeffrey Graf, "Sangamore of the Wabash" from Indiana University Libraries, Bloomington".
(1973). "Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary". G. & C. Merriam Co.
[http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org/Literature/NativeAmericans&Blacks/MainStreet/MMD666.html Life & Times: Squaw Sachem"] {{Webarchive. link. (2008-10-10 , ''Hawthorne in Salem'', ''The Daily Times Chronicle'', Winchester Edition (MA), December 1999, accessed 27 Jan 2010)
Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian languages", in "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 75
"sakima". Lenape Talking Dictionary.
Francis, David A., Sr. et al. [http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/Maliseet/dictionary/ ''Maliseet - Passamaquoddy Dictionary'']. Mi'kmaq - Maliseet Institute
Laurent, Joseph. (1884). "New familiar Abenakis and English dialogues the first ever published on the grammatical system".
Forest, John William De. (1853). "History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850". Archon Books.
Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm. (1995). ''A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Mcgregor, Ernest. (1994). ''Algonquin Lexicon''. Maniwaki, QC: Kitigan Zibi Education Council.
Rhodes, Richard A. (1985). ''Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
MacKenzie, Marguerite (editor). (c2007). ''Wasaho Ininîwimowin Dictionary (Fort Severn Cree)''. Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre.
Bobbish-Salt, Luci et al. (2004–06). ''Northern EastCree Dictionary''. Cree School Board.
Neeposh, Ella et al. (2004–07). ''Southern EastCree Dictionary''. Cree School Board.
link. (2008-05-27 . Kawawachikamach, Quebec: Naskapi Development Corp.)
"ILDA Dictionary".
Mann, Charles C.. (2005). "1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus". Knopf Doubleday.
Note that this ''massa-'' element meaning "great" in the [[Massachusett language]] also appears in the name of the [[Massachusett]] (i.e. "Great Hills people") and subsequently in the name of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]].
(August 22, 1955). "Sachems & Sinners: An Informal History of Tammany Hall". Time Magazine.
(13 March 2007). "Governor presents Sachem to Jane Blaffer Owen". Office of Governor Mitch Daniels.

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