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S-Methylmethionine

Vitamin U 134 C (chloride salt, decomposes)

S-Methylmethionine (SMM) is a derivative of methionine with the chemical formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2CH(NH3+)CO2−. This cation is a naturally-occurring intermediate in many biosynthetic pathways owing to the sulfonium functional group. It is biosynthesized from L-methionine and S-adenosylmethionine by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. S-methylmethionine is particularly abundant in plants, being more abundant than methionine.

S-Methylmethionine is sometimes referred to as vitamin U, but it is not considered a true vitamin. The term was coined in 1950 by Garnett Cheney for uncharacterized anti-ulcerogenic factors in raw cabbage juice that may help speed healing of peptic ulcers.

Biosynthesis and biochemical function

S-Methylmethionine arises via the methylation of methionine by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). The coproduct is S-adenosyl homocysteine.

The biological roles of S-methylmethionine are not well understood. Speculated roles include methionine storage, use as a methyl donor, regulation of SAM.

Beer flavor precursor in barley malt

S-Methylmethionine is found in barley and is further created during the malting process. SMM can be subsequently converted to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) during the malt kilning process, causing an undesirable flavor. Lightly kilned malts such as pilsner or lager malts retain much of their SMM content while higher kilned malt such as pale ale malt has substantially more of the SMM converted to DMS in the malt. Darker kilned malts such as Munich malt have virtually no SMM content since most has been converted to DMS. Other crystal malts and roasted malts have no SMM content and often no DMS content since the kilning also drives that compound out of the malt.

References

References

  1. Bourgis F. (1999). "S-methylmethionine plays a major role in phloem sulfur transport and is synthesized by a novel type of methyltransferase". The Plant Cell Online.
  2. National Center for Biomedical Ontology. "Methylmethionine Sulfonium Chloride".
  3. Cheney G. (September 1950). "Anti-peptic ulcer dietary factor (vitamin "U") in the treatment of peptic ulcer". J Am Diet Assoc.
  4. McNeil SD. (1999). "Betaines and related osmoprotectants. Targets for metabolic engineering of stress resistance". Plant Physiology.
  5. Pitz, W. Factors affecting S-Methylmethione levels in malt, Journal of American Society of Brewing Chemists, 1987.
  6. Hornsey IS. (1999). "Brewing". Royal Society of Chemistry.
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alpha-amino-acids sulfur-amino-acids sulfur-ions methylation sulfonium-compounds
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