River-class torpedo-boat destroyer

Design and construction

In October 1905 the newly appointed Naval Officer Commanding the Commonwealth Naval Forces (the post-Federation amalgamation of the Australian colonial navies), Captain William Creswell, proposed a navy of three large cruiser-destroyers (capable of dealing with commerce raiders), plus 16 smaller destroyers and 15 torpedo boats for local defence. The first instalment of the ambitious plan was the River-class, bids for which were received from British shipbuilders on 24 July 1907. A consortium of Fairfields and Dennys was chosen as the prime contractors, and the design was drawn by Prof. John H. Biles(GE) of Glasgow University, based on HMS Teviot, Yarrow's variant of the RN River Class.

The destroyers of this class had a displacement of 750 tons. They were powered by three oil-burning Yarrow boilers connected to Parsons turbines, which delivered 10000 shp to three propeller shafts. Cruising speed was 11.5 kn, giving the ship a range of 2690 nmi, and maximum speed was 26 kn. Each ship's company consisted of between 66 and 73 personnel, including five officers. They were also fitted with three .303-inch machine guns and three single 18-inch torpedo tubes.

The first three ships, , and , were ordered on 6 February 1909. Another three ships, , , and , were ordered later. On the advice of the British Admiralty, the ships were named after Australian rivers (one from each state), although the original intention of using rivers with Aboriginal name origins did not carry through to the second batch. Senator George Pearce requested that they instead be named after famous navigators, but was overruled by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin.

Parramatta and Yarra were the first new ships launched for the Australian navy. After completion, the two vessels were temporarily commissioned into the Royal Navy for the delivery voyage to Australia, although they reverted to the control of the Commonwealth Naval Forces on arrival in Broome. The second batch of three warships were all built at Cockatoo Island.

Operational history

The first three destroyers were operating with the Australian fleet at the start of World War I. The three ships were assigned to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force, and participated in the capture of German New Guinea. After the conclusion of the campaign, the destroyers were assigned to home waters for a short period, then assigned to Malayan and surrounding waters until late 1916. During August and September, the second group of River-class destroyers began relieving the ships of the first group from Malayan patrols, with Parramatta, Yarra, and Warrego returning to Australia.

In July 1917, all six ships rendezvoused off the Cocos Islands: the first time the entire class had been in one location. From there, the River-class destroyers proceeded to the Mediterranean. On arrival at Malta, they were immediately deployed as escorts for a convoy. After this, the destroyers were modified for anti-submarine warfare: the aftmost torpedo tube was removed and replaced with depth charge rails. From August 1917, the six destroyers were based at Brindisi, Italy, assigned to patrol the Adriatic and prevent enemy submarines using it as a route to the Mediterranean.

After a brief refit and leave period in England after the war's end, and the re-installation of their torpedo tubes at Malta, the six destroyers returned to Australian waters in March 1919. They were placed in reserve, and had all been disposed of by the 1930s.

Decommissioning and fate

After decommissioning, Parramatta and Swan were stripped down and sold to the NSW Penal Department for use as prisoner accommodation on the Hawkesbury River.

Warrego was used as accommodation at Cockatoo Island. She sank at her berth, and was later demolished.

Ships of the class

Citations

References

References

1. Friedman, ''British Destroyers'', p. 96
2. Friedman, ''British Destroyers'', p. 98-99.
3. The first three had a [[length overall]] of {{convert. 246. ft, while the second three were longer at {{convert. 250. ft. 9
4. Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 138
5. Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 75
6. Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pp. 74–5
7. The destroyers' main armament consisted of a single [[BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VIII
8. Stevens, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 18
9. Perryman, ''Naming of RAN ships''
10. ''Huon'' was originally to be named ''Derwent'', but this was changed before launch to avoid confusion with the British [[River-class destroyer (1903). E-class (formerly River-class)]] destroyer {{HMS. Derwent. 1903
11. Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 191
12. Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 53
13. Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', p. 76
14. The two hulks were then sold into private hands; after plans to use them as fishers' accommodation, they were used to transport metal to islands along the river. In 1934, ''Swan'' and ''Parramatta'' were being towed along the river to the [[ship breaking|ship breakers]] when heavy weather caused the hulks to break free of their towing vessel; ''Swan'' sank, and ''Parramatta'' ran aground. The two ships were abandoned, although in 1973, the bow and stern of ''Parramatta'' were salvaged for use as memorials.Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pp. 76–7
15. Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pp. 192–3
16. ''Yarra'', ''Torrens'', and ''Huon'' were all scuttled outside Sydney Heads after being used as [[target ship]]s.Cassells, ''The Destroyers'', pp. 46, 140, 200