Rhodesian Security Forces

Rhodesian Army

Rhodesia (1965–70) Republic of Rhodesia (1970–79) Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979) United Kingdom (1979–80) World War II Rhodesian Bush War

The majority of the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers were disbanded in 1920 for reasons of cost, the last companies being disbanded in 1926. The Defence Act of 1927 created a Permanent Force (the Rhodesian Staff Corps) and a Territorial Force as well as national compulsory military training. With the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers disbanded in 1927, the Rhodesia Regiment was reformed in the same year as part of the nation's Territorial Force. The 1st Battalion was formed in Salisbury with a detached "B" company in Umtali and the 2nd Battalion in Bulawayo with a detached "B" Company in Gwelo. Between the World Wars, the Permanent Staff Corps of the Rhodesian Army consisted of only 47 men. The British South Africa Police were trained as both policemen and soldiers until 1954.

About 10,000 white Southern Rhodesians (15% of the white population) mustered into the British forces during the Second World War, serving in units such as the Long Range Desert Group, the Rhodesian Armoured Corps, No. 237 Squadron RAF and the Special Air Service (SAS). Pro rata to population, this was the largest contribution of manpower by any territory in the British Empire, even outstripping that of Britain itself. Southern Rhodesia was in fact the first Commonwealth country to officially declare war on the Axis powers.{{Harvnb |Gale |1973 |Young |1969

Southern Rhodesia's own units, most prominently the Rhodesian African Rifles (made up of black rank-and-filers and warrant officers, led by white officers; abbreviated RAR), fought in the war's East African Campaign and in Burma.{{Harvnb |Binda |2007

The Southern Rhodesia Air Force (SRAF) was re-established in 1947 and, two years later, Prime Minister Sir Godfrey Huggins appointed a 32-year-old South African-born Rhodesian Spitfire pilot, Ted Jacklin, as air officer commanding tasked to build an air force in the expectation that British African territories would begin moving towards independence, and air power would be vital for land-locked Southern Rhodesia. The threadbare SRAF bought, borrowed or salvaged a collection of vintage aircraft, including six Tiger Moths, six North American Harvard trainers, an Avro Anson freighter and a handful of De Havilland Rapide transport aircraft, before purchasing a squadron of 22 Mk. 22 war surplus Supermarine Spitfire from the Royal Air Force (RAF) which were then flown to Southern Rhodesia.

In April 1951, the defence forces of Southern Rhodesia were completely reorganised. The Permanent Force included the British South Africa Police as well as the Southern Rhodesia Staff Corps, charged with training and administering the Territorial Force. The SRAF consisted of a communication squadron and trained members of the Territorial Force as pilots, particularly for artillery observation. During the Malayan Emergency of the 1950s, Southern Rhodesia contributed two units to the Commonwealth's counter-insurgency campaign: the newly formed Rhodesian SAS served a two-year tour of duty in Malaya starting in March 1951,{{Harvnb |Binda |2007 |Shortt |McBride |1981 |Binda |2007

The colony also maintained women's auxiliary services (later to provide the inspiration for the Rhodesia Women's Service), and maintained a battalion of the RAR, officered by members of the Staff Corps. The Territorial Force remained entirely white and largely reproduced the Second World War pattern. It consisted of two battalions of the Royal Rhodesia Regiment, an Armoured Car Regiment, Artillery, Engineers, Signal Corps, Medical Corps, Auxiliary Air Force and Transport Corps. In wartime the country could also draw on the Territorial Force Reserve and General Reserve. Southern Rhodesia, in other words, reverted more or less to the organisation of the Second World War.

Matters evolved greatly over twenty years. The regular army was always a relatively small force, but by 1978–79 it consisted of 10,800 regulars nominally supported by about 40,000 reservists. While the regular army consisted of a professional core drawn from the white population (and some units, such as the Rhodesian SAS and the Rhodesian Light Infantry, were all-white), by 1978–79 the majority of its complement was actually composed of black soldiers. The army reserves, in contrast, were largely white.{{Harvnb |Lohman |MacPherson |1983

The Rhodesian Army HQ was in Salisbury and commanded over four infantry brigades and later an HQ Special Forces, with various training schools and supporting units. Numbers 1,2, and 3 Brigade were established in 1964 and 4 Brigade in 1978.

• 1 Bde – Bulawayo with area of responsibility in Matabeleland
• 2 Bde – Salisbury with area of responsibility in Mashonaland
• 3 Bde – Umtali with area of responsibility in Manicaland
• 4 Bde – Fort Victoria with area of responsibility in Victoria province

During the Bush War, the army included:

• Army Headquarters
• The Rhodesian Light Infantry
• C Squadron (Rhodesian) SAS (in 1978 became 1 (Rhodesian) Special Air Service Regiment)
• Selous Scouts
• The Rhodesian Armoured Car Regiment (The Black Devils)
• Grey's Scouts [[File:Rhodesian Eland902.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Eland Mk7|Eland-90]] armoured cars of the [[Rhodesian Armoured Corps]].]]
• The Rhodesian African Rifles
• The Rhodesia Regiment (eight battalions, numbered 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10); also National Service independent companies numbered 1–6 and, briefly, 7), though at times one or more of these independent companies were attached to the RAR during the Bush War.
• Psychological Action Group (Psyac)
• The Rhodesian Defence Regiment (two battalions)
• The Rhodesian Intelligence Corps
• The Rhodesian Artillery (one depot, one field regiment)
• Six Engineer Squadrons (numbered 2, 3, 4, 6, 7) 1 Engr Sqn
• 5 Engineer Support Squadron
• 1 Brigade
  • Headquarters Abbreviation: HQ 1 Bde
  • Signals Squadron Abbreviation: 1(Bde) Sig Sqn
• 2 Brigade
  • Headquarters Abbreviation: HQ 2 Bde
  • Signals Squadron Abbreviation: 2(Bde) Sig Sqn
    • 12 Signals Squadron Abbreviation: 2(Bde) 12 Sig Sqn
      • Located: Llewellyn Barracks
• 3 Brigade
  • Headquarters Abbreviation: HQ 3 Bde
  • Signals Squadron Abbreviation: 3(Bde) Sig Sqn
• 4 Brigade
  • Headquarters Abbreviation: HQ 4 Bde
  • 41 Troop, Signals Squadron Abbreviation: 41 Tp 4(Bde) SigSqn
• Two Services Area HQs (Matabeleland and Mashonaland)
• Two Ordnance and Supplies Depots (Bulawayo, Salisbury)
• Two Base Workshops (Bulawayo, Salisbury)
• 1 Air Supply Platoon
• Three Maintenance Companies (numbered 1 to 3)
• Three Medical Companies (1, 2, 5) and the Army Health Unit
• Tsanga Lodge
• Five Provost Platoons (numbered 1 to 5) and the Army Detention Barracks
• Six Pay Companies (numbered 1 to 5, 7)
• Rhodesian Army Education Corps
• Rhodesian Corps of Chaplains
• Army Records, and Army Data Processing Unit
• Rail Transport Organisation Platoon
• 1 Military Postal Platoon
• Training establishments: School of Infantry, 19 Corps Training Depot, School of Military Engineering, School of Signals, Services Training School, Services Trade Training Centre, Medical Training School, School of Military Police, Pay Corps Training School, School of Military Administration.
• Rhodesian Women’s Service

Ranks

Main article: Military ranks of Rhodesia

Rhodesian Air Force

Main article: Rhodesian Air Force

The Royal Rhodesian Air Force (RRAF), as it was named in 1954, was never a large service. In 1965, it consisted of only 1,200 regular personnel. It was renamed as the Rhodesian Air Force (RhAF) in 1970. At the peak of its strength during the Bush War, it had a maximum of 2,300 personnel of all races, but of these, only 150 were pilots actively involved in combat operations. These pilots, however, were rotated through the various squadrons partly to maintain their skills on all aircraft and partly to relieve fellow pilots flying more dangerous sorties.

Ranks

Main article: Military ranks of Rhodesia

British South Africa Police

Main article: British South Africa Police

The police force of Rhodesia was the British South Africa Police. They were the main first line of defense in both Southern Rhodesia and, later, Rhodesia, with the specific responsibility of maintaining law and order in the country.

BSAP units:

• British South Africa Police ('The Regiment')
  • Patrol
  • Criminal Investigation Division (CID)
  • Police Anti-Terrorist Unit (PATU)
  • Support Unit (the 'Black Boots')
  • Special Branch
    • SB-Scouts
  • Police Mounted Unit
  • Urban Emergency Unit (Riot & SWAT)
  • Police Reserve

Rhodesian Ministry of Internal Affairs

Main article: INTAF

While not a part of the Security Forces, Rhodesian Ministry of Internal Affairs officers were heavily involved in implementing such civic measures as the protected villages programme during the Bush War. The INTAF consisted by District Assistants and District Security Assistants, and led by District Commissioners.

• Administrative Reinforcement Unit (ARU)

Prison services

Main article: Rhodesia Prison Service

The Rhodesia Prison Service was the branch of the Rhodesian Security Forces responsible for the administration of Rhodesian prisons.

Guard Force

Main article: Guard Force (Rhodesia)

This was the fourth arm of the Rhodesian Security Forces. It consisted of both black and white troops whose initial role was to provide protection for villagers in the Protected Village system. During the latter stages of the Bush War they provided a role in the protection of white-owned farmland, tribal purchase lands and other strategic locations. They also raised three infantry Battalions and provided troops in every facet of the war in each of the Operational Areas. It was a large component of the Security Forces, with a strength of over 7,200 personnel. Its headquarters were in North Avenue, Salisbury. Its training establishment was based at Chikurubi in Salisbury.

The guard force cap badge was a castle on top of a dagger, below the castle was a scroll reading 'Guard Force'

Auxiliary Army (Pfumo reVanhu)

Main article: Security Force Auxiliaries

Combined operations

|Abbott |Botham |1986 |Cilliers |1984

The Rhodesian Bush War required that each of the security forces work in a combined effort to combat the enemy. Therefore, it became essential to establish an organisation known as Combined Operations (COMOPS) in Salisbury to co-ordinate the efforts of each service. The Rhodesian army took the senior role in Combined Operations and was responsible for the conduct of all operations both inside and outside Rhodesia. COMOPS had direct command over the Joint Operational Centres (JOCs) deployed throughout the country in each of the Operational Areas. There was a JOC per Operational Area.

The operational areas were known as:

• Operation Hurricane – North-east border, started in December 1972
• Operation Thrasher – Eastern border, started in February 1976
• Operation Repulse – South-east border, started in May 1976
• Operation Tangent – Matabeleland, started in August 1976
• Operation Grapple – Midlands, started in August 1977
• Operation Splinter – Kariba, started in June 1977
• Salops – Operations in and around Salisbury, started in 1978

Senior military officials in Rhodesia

Source: original regiments.org (T.F. Mills) via webarchive.

• Commandant, Southern Rhodesia Defence Force:
  • 19uu Col. George Parson, CBE, DSO
  • 1936.10.09 Brig. John Sidney Morris, CBE, KStJ, KPM, CPM
• Commander Military Forces
  • Col D. S. H. Somerville (1939–40)
  • Brig J. W. Watson (1940–43)
  • Brig E. R. Day (1943-)
  • 1947 Maj-Gen Storr "Dooley" Garlake, CBE
• Chief of the General Staff:
  • 1953 Maj-Gen Storr "Dooley" Garlake, CBE
  • 1959.04.12 Maj-Gen Robert Edward Beaumont Long, CBE
  • 1963.06 Maj-Gen John Anderson, CBE
  • 1964.10.24 Maj-Gen Rodney Roy Jensen Putterill, CBE
• GOC Rhodesian Army:
  • 1968.10 Lt-Gen Keith Robert Coster, OBE, ICD, SASS
• Commander of the Rhodesian Army:
  • 1972.08 Lt-Gen George Peter Walls GLM DCD MBE
  • 1977.05.16 Lt-Gen John Selwyn Varcoe Hickman, OLM, MC
  • 1979.03.08 Lt-Gen A.L.C. 'Sandy' Maclean, OLM, DCD

Military equipment of Rhodesia

Small arms

Missiles and Recoilless Rifles

Vehicles

Artillery

Air Defence

Air force equipment

References

1. {{Harvnb. Rogers. 1998
2. Wilson, Graham ''Cap badges of the Rhodesian Security Forces'' ''Sabretache'', June 2000
3. p.46 Radford
4. (18 July 2002). "Ex-Service Contingent – Allied Forces". ABC Western Australia.
5. Moss (n.d.); Petter-Bowyer (2003) p. 16
6. Extracted from 'The Development of Southern Rhodesia's Military System, 1890–1953 by L. H. Gann, M.A., B.Litt., D.Phil.'
7. [http://www.freewebs.com/dudleywall/combinedoperations.htm Combined Operations – Brothers in Arms] {{webarchive. link. (22 November 2010)
8. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011234230/http://www.rhodesianforces.org/RhodesiaRegiment.htm Rhodesia Regiment]
9. "6TH INDEPENDENT COMPANY: A BRIEF HISTORY by G.D.P Morgan".
10. "Rhodesian Army Order of Seniority as at 26th February 1979".
11. unconfirmed
12. (2000). "A Pride of Eagles: A History of the Rhodesian Air Force". Covos Day Books.
13. (31 December 2011). "Obituary: Peter Garlake 1934–2011".
14. (5 December 2007). "Sam Putterill".
15. Chris Cocks. (3 April 2002). "Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry". Covos Day.
16. (2015). "Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978-1988". Helion and Company.
17. Special Weapons on Rhodesia by Dana Drenkowski, A Wide Variety of Unique Weapons are used in Rhodesia's fight against terrorism, Soldier of Fortune
18. (2012). "Small Arms". [[South African National Museum of Military History]].
19. Nelson, Harold. "Zimbabwe: A Country Study".
20. Rod Wells. (2011). "Part-Time War". Fern House.
21. "Operation Quartz – Rhodesia 1980".
22. https://www.reddit.com/r/MilitaryPorn/comments/10lpeqc/soldiers_of_the_rli_rhodesian_light_infantry_with/ Left rear persons in the image is holding a FALO
23. "Archived copy".
24. "Archived copy".
25. Croukamp, Dennis. (2007). "Bush War in Rhodesia". Paladin Press.
26. (1 March 2009). "Military Surplus Virtual Museum – French 40mm STRIM AP Type 32ZA Rifle Grenade". buymilsurp.com.
27. Walsh, Toc. (2014). "Mampara: Rhodesia Regiment Moments of Mayhem by a Moronic, Maybe Militant, Madman". 30 Degrees South Publishers.
28. (5 September 2012). "Armas utilizadas en la guerra de Rhodesia 1964–1979".
29. Anthony Trethowan. (2008). "Delta Scout: Ground Coverage operator". 30deg South Publishers.
30. Gerry van Tonder. (1 May 2012). "Operation Aztec: 28 May 1977". rhodesianservices.org.
31. Peter Locke, David Cooke. "Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965–80".
32. (n.d.). "WAR SINCE 1945 SEMINAR AND SYMPOSIUM, Chapter 3". Ohio State University.
33. "Rhodesian Armoured Car Regiment Uncovered". rhodesianforces.org.
34. John Keegan, page 589 ''World Armies'', {{ISBN. 0-333-17236-1
35. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210729094915/https://rhodesian.tripod.com/rrd.html Photos of a Zastava M55 autocannon captured by the Rhodesian Security Forces in Mozambique, September 1979.]
36. ''Rhodesia''. Deadline Data on World Affairs, 1979 Volume, Issue October 1 p. 1-5.
37. "Supermarine Spitfire Registry – A Warbirds Resource Group Site".
38. "RhAF The Armament Story · 1951 – 1980". ourstory.com/orafs.
39. "Air Force Weapons: Alpha Bomb". Dean Wingrin.