Reynoldsia (plant)

Species

Eight species were listed by Frodin and Govaerts (2003) for Reynoldsia. Lowry and Plunkett (2010) recognized only five of these, and placed them in Polyscias subgenus Tetraplasandra. The synonyms given below are the species recognized by Frodin and Govaerts (2003).

• Polyscias lanutoensis (= Reynoldsia lanutoensis, Reynoldsia grayana, Reynoldsia tauensis)
• Polyscias marchionensis (= Reynoldsia marchionensis)
• Polyscias pleiosperma (= Reynoldsia pleiosperma)
• Polyscias sandwicensis (= Reynoldsia sandwicensis)
• Polyscias verrucosa (= Reynoldsia verrucosa, Reynoldsia tahitiensis)

History

The genus Reynoldsia was erected in 1854 by Asa Gray in his account of the botany of the United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842). The genus was named for Jeremiah N. Reynolds, a plant collector in Chile in the early 19th century. Gray named two species: Reynoldsia pleiosperma from Samoa and Reynoldsia sandwicensis from Hawaii. John Hutchinson designated the latter as the type species for Reynoldsia in 1967. This is not recorded in Index Nominum Genericorum, where such information is usually found.

Berthold Carl Seemann named a Tahitian species, Reynoldsia verrucosa, in 1864. In 1873, :fr:Jean Nadeaud named another Tahitian species, Reynoldsia tahitensis. Many authors, such as Forest B. H. Brown, did not accept R. tahitensis as a separate species from R. verrucosa.

In 1925, Bénédict P.G. Hochreutiner named a second species from Samoa, Reynoldsia lanutoensis. In 1935, a third species from Samoa, Reynoldsia grayana was named by Erling Christophersen. Christophersen suggested that some plants from a place called Tau might be a fourth species of Reynoldsia in Samoa. Also in 1935, Reynoldsia marchionensis, a species from the Marquesas, was named by Forest B.H. Brown. The rare Samoan endemic, Reynoldsia tauensis, was finally published as a separate species in 1968 by Albert C. Smith and Benjamin Clemens Stone.

Some sources state that there are two species of Reynoldsia in the Society Islands, and this error has been copied from one source to another. An examination of the references cited here shows that R. marchionensis is the only species name in Reynoldsia that was ever published for a plant from the Society Islands.

Earl Edward Sherff believed that there were eight species of Reynoldsia in Hawaii. In 1952, he published names for these, as well as descriptions and an identification key. Subsequent authors have regarded these names as merely regional variants or forms of Reynoldsia sandwicensis.

In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae. Eight species were recognized therein. The authors stated that Reynoldsia is "seen as biphyletic". The biphyly of Reynoldsia was confirmed in 2007, in a molecular phylogenetic study of what is now called Polyscias subgenus Tetraplasandra. It was confirmed again, in 2010, in a study of DNA sequences of selected genes in the pinnate genera of Araliaceae.

In an accompanying paper in Plant Diversity and Evolution, all of the pinnate Araliaceae were placed in the large genus Polyscias, thus raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159, not counting about 90 species that will be published in forthcoming papers. Six of the genera that were recognized in the 2003 checklist (Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron, and Tetraplasandra) were subsumed into Polyscias.

Polyscias was then divided into 11 subgenera (Polyscias, Grotefendia, Maralia, Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Tetraplasandra, Eupteron, Sciadopanax, Tieghemopanax, Indokingia, and Palmervandenbroekia) and 7 species (Polyscias acuminata, Polyscias macdowallii, Polyscias mollis, Polyscias murrayi, Polyscias ledermannii, Polyscias pentamera, and Polyscias purpurea) were placed in Polyscias incertae sedis (not in any subgroup thereof). All of the species of the former Reynoldsia are now in Polyscias subgenus Tetraplasandra.

This subgenus consists of the four south Pacific species that were in Reynoldsia, four of the six species that Philipson had placed in Polyscias section Eupteron, the two Malesian species that had been in Gastonia, and a Hawaiian clade of 11 species. The Hawaiian clade consists of the sister species Polyscias sandwicensis (formerly Reynoldsia sandwicensis) and Polyscias racemosa (formerly Munroidendron racemosum), as well as a monophyletic group of nine species that had been in Tetraplasandra as defined by Philipson in 1970.

When Polyscias was recircumscribed in 2010, the authors did not recognize all of the eight species that had been recognized in 2003. They placed R. grayana and R. tauensis into synonymy under R. lanutoensis. They likewise subsumed R. tahitiensis into R. verrucosa. The resulting five species were transferred to Polyscias as P. lanutoensis, P. pleiosperma, P. marchionensis, P. verrucosa, and P. sandwicensis.

References

Sources

Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ??

References

1. David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN. 978-1-84246-048-1. (See ''External links'' below).
2. Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):23-54. {{doi. 10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0002.
3. Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''[[Plant Diversity and Evolution]]'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') '''128'''(1-2):55-84. {{doi. 10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0003. (See ''External links'' below).
4. William R. Philipson. 1970. "A redefinition of ''Gastonia'' and related genera (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' '''18'''(2):497-505.
5. Porter P. Lowry II. 1990. "Araliaceae", pages 224-237. In: Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu
6. John L. Culliney and Bruce P. Koebele. 1999. ''A Native Hawaiian Garden''. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN. 978-0-8248-2176-0.
7. Kerin E. Lilleeng-Rosenberger. 2005. ''Growing Hawai{{okinai's Native Plants''. Mutual Publishing. {{ISBN. 978-1-56647-716-1
8. ''Reynoldsia'' in [[International Plant Names Index]]. (see ''External links'' below).
9. Asa Gray. 1854. Series: ''United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842)''; Volume 15: ''Botany. Phanerogamia.'':723. (See ''External links'' below).
10. Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. {{ISBN. 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see ''External links'' below).
11. John Hutchinson. 1967. ''The Genera of Flowering Plants'' 2:58. {{ISBN. 978-3-87429-187-3
12. ''Reynoldsia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: [[Regnum Vegetabile]] (see ''External links'' below).
13. Berthold Carl Seemann. 1864. page 245. In: "Revision of the natural order Hederaceae" pages 235-309. ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign'' volume 2 (1864). (See ''External links'' below).
14. Jean Nadeaud. 1873. ''Énumeration des Plantes Indigènes de l'Île de Tahiti recueillies et classées / par J. Nadeaud. Paris'':63. F. Savy. (See ''External links'' below).
15. Bénédict P.G. Hochreutiner. 1925. ''Candollea''2():482.
16. Erling Christophersen. 1935. "Flowering Plants of Samoa". ''Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin'' no. 128:161.
17. Forest B.H. Brown. 1935. "Flora of Southeastern Polynesia. III. Dicotyledons". ''Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin'' no. 130:209.
18. Albert C. Smith and Benjamin C. Stone. 1968. page 465. In: "Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XIX. The Araliaceae of the New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga". ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'' 49(4):431-501. (See ''External links'' below).
19. David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN. 978-0-521-82071-4. (See ''External links'' below).
20. Earl Edward Sherff. 1952. "Further studies of Hawaiian Araliaceae: Additions to ''Cheirodendron helleri'' Sherff and a preliminary treatment of the endemic species of ''Reynoldsia'' A. Gray". ''Botanical Leaflets'' 6(section II):6-19.
21. Annemarie Costello and Timothy J. Motley. 2007. "Phylogenetics of the Tetraplasandra Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology". ''Systematic Botany'' '''32'''(2):464-477.
22. William R. Philipson. 1979. "Araliaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana'', series 1, volume 9, part 1: 1-105. {{ISBN. 978-90-286-0629-6 (part 1). (See ''External links'' below).
23. William R. Philipson. 1970. "The Malesian species of ''Gastonia'' (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' '''18'''(2):491-495.