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Retirement in Europe

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Retirement in Europe

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Average effective age of retirement for men, 1970 to 2018. Estimates are based on a weighted average of changes in labour force participation rates by age, for workers 40+

Retirement age differs in European countries and is a matter of debate across Europe because of an aging population.

Retirement age by country

Main article: Retirement age

CountryMenWomenYearNotesReferences
Albania65612020url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022135/http://strategy-life.com.ua/articles_detailed.php?id=32date=26 April 2012}}.
Austria65602018url=http://www.etk.fi/fi/service/retirement_ages/1601/retirement_agestitle=Etk.fi - Avain asiantuntijan työeläketietoonpublisher=etk.fiaccess-date=23 July 2016}}
Belarus62.557.52021By 2022, the age will be 63 for men and 58 for women.url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331010713/http://parl.sejm.gov.pl/WydBAS.nsf/0/D8FD27CD446CB5DDC12573E800318FA1/$file/infos_027.pdfdate=2010-03-31 }}
Belgium662025In Belgium, the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 67 years by 2030.url=https://www.sfpd.fgov.be/nl/pensioenleeftijd/wanneertitle=SFPD }}
Bosnia and Herzegovina652024
Bulgaria64 (and 7 months)62 (and 2 months)2024In Bulgaria the retirement age for women is to be equalized to the retirement age for men (65) by 2037.
Croatia6563 (and 6 months)2024In Croatia the retirement age for women is to be equalized to the retirement age for men (65) by 2030.
Cyprus652018
Czech Republic63 (and 4 months)58 (and 8 months) – 62 (and 8 months)2018In the Czech Republic, in the year 2015, men had the retirement age of 62 years and 10 months and women had it between 58 and 62, depending on number of children. In Czech Republic, the retirement age is in the process of being increased, and therefore depends on year of birth (for individuals born after 1977 it may exceed even 67. e.g. a person born in year 1995 must be at least 70 years old.) For women the retirement age depends on the number of raised children as well. For people born in 1975, the retirement age will be the same (66y8m) regardless of sex and number of children raised; and this age will reach 67 for people born in 1977.
Denmark672024From 2030 onwards, retirement age will be linked to life expectancy. From 2040 to 2045 the state retirement age was set to 70.url=https://english.pfa.dk/news-archive/2015/06/18/08/14/1/title=Adjust your savings to match your retirement expectationspublisher=english.pfa.dkaccess-date=23 July 2016url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817112231/https://english.pfa.dk/news-archive/2015/06/18/08/14/1/archive-date=17 August 2016}}
Estonia64 (and 9 months)2019In Estonia the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 65 years by 2026. After 2026 it will be linked to the average life expectancy.
Finland652008
France62 to 672022Depends on the duration of contribution (minimum 43 years)
Germany65 (rising to 67 by 2031)2025In Germany the retirement age is being increased and will gradually rise to 67 by 2031.url=https://www.dw.com/en/will-germany-raise-retirement-age-beyond-67/a-73472863title=Will Germany raise retirement age beyond 67? Ben Knightlast=Knightfirst=Bennewspaper=Deutsche Welledate=1 August 2025access-date=13 October 2025}}
Greece672015
Hungary652022Women with 40 years of insurance can retire at any age.
Iceland672018
Ireland662024In Ireland there is no general mandatory retirement age, although some jobs, such as jobs in law enforcement or firefighting, may be subject to a statutory retirement age. Employers may define their own retirement age but the state pension is not available to those younger than 66. The longer an individual postpones withdrawing the pension, the greater the weekly state pension payment, up to age 70.
Italy672019Must have paid contributions for at least 20 years.url=http://www.inps.it/portale/default.aspx?itemdir=5742title=Età pensionabile}}
Latvia652025
Liechtenstein652018
Lithuania64 (and 10 months)64 (and 8 months)2023In Lithuania, the retirement age will be 65 for both men and women by 2026.title = Old age pension age tablepublisher = Sodraurl = https://www.sodra.lt/lt/senatves-pensijos-amziaus-lenteleaccess-date = 24 April 2020}}
Luxembourg652018
Malta622015In Malta the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 65 years by 2027.
Moldova63592020Retirement age for women is increasing every 6 months until it reaches 63 years in 2028.
Montenegro66642022
Netherlands672025The state pension for all elderly is being increased gradually and in 2028 the state pension age will be raised again, to 67 years and 3 months. For men and women born after January 1, 1999 the expected retirement age is 70 years old. After 2022 it is linked to the average life expectancy.url=https://www.businessinsider.nl/op-1-januari-2018-gaat-pensioenleeftijd-naar-68-jaar-wat-betekent-dat-voor-jou/title=Op 1 januari 2018 gaat de pensioenleeftijd naar 68 jaar: wat betekent dat voor jou?date=2017-10-30work=Business Insideraccess-date=2018-05-19language=en-US}}
North Macedonia64622011
Norway672018See also: Pensions in Norway
Poland65602016
Portugal66 (and 7 months)2025
Romania65612019The age for women is being increased gradually. It will reach 63 by 2030.url=http://www.cjpensiiarad.ro/pensii6.phptitle=Casa Judeteana de Pensii Aradpublisher=cjpensiiarad.roaccess-date=23 July 2016}}
Russia63582024From 2019 the retirement age for men (women) would gradually increase from 60 (55) to 65 (60) years by 2028; first it was intended to hike the age for women to 63 but later the plan was softened.url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-45342721title= Russia's Putin softens pension reforms after outcrypublisher= BBCdate= 2018-08-29access-date= 2019-01-30 }}
Serbia6563 (and 8 months)2024By the year of 2032 retirement age for women will equalize with men and reach 65.
Slovakia642021
Slovenia652018
Spain66 (and 8 months)2025The age will be 67 by 2027. See also: Pensions in Spain.
Sweden662020, options age 62–68.By 2026 it will be 67, with options age 64-69.
Switzerland65642022
Ukraine602022
United Kingdom662021The retirement age is due to be increased to 67 by 2028 and 68 by 2046. See also: Pensions in the United Kingdom.

Public pension adequacy

A 2026 study conducted by DataPulse Research compared average gross public old age pensions with modeled annual consumption expenditure for people aged 60 and over across 30 European countries, using Eurostat data adjusted to 2023 price levels, to estimate the difference between state pension income and typical retiree spending. Research reported that a negative pension to expenditure difference does not necessarily correspond to a higher risk of poverty among older people. In several cases, including Norway and Luxembourg, where state pensions fall short of estimated spending while measured poverty risk among older adults remains comparatively low, which it attributed to the role of occupational pensions and private savings in those systems. Housing related costs represent a substantial share of retirement expenditure, and homeownership can materially affect how far a given pension stretches. In countries with larger renter shares among older residents such as Germany and Austria, changes in housing and utility costs may have a larger impact on pension adequacy than in higher ownership countries such as Romania.

Country or groupAverage gross public pension (€)Estimated annual expenditure (€)Difference vs expenditure (%)
Romania58004772+21
Czech Republic101008600+18
Poland84008100+4
Spain1984419300+3
Bulgaria44794558-2
Denmark3054332900-7
Latvia65007500-13
Greece1290014900-14
Italy2110024800-15
Austria2590031000-17
Portugal1150013800-17
Estonia840010100-17
Sweden2270027300-17
Malta1100013300-17
Netherlands2540030800-18
Finland2280027800-18
Belgium2420030300-20
EU-27 average1732121700-20
France1975625700-23
Montenegro46006100-25
Serbia42395600-25
Ireland2400032300-25
Slovakia57008100-30
Cyprus1280019000-33
Germany1913828700-33
Luxembourg3441352168-34
Lithuania60009100-34
Norway2917646100-37
Hungary61009800-38
Slovenia940015500-39
Croatia56009300-40

References

References

  1. link. (26 April 2012.)
  2. "Etk.fi - Avain asiantuntijan työeläketietoon". etk.fi.
  3. ''2009 Ageing Report: Economic and budgetary projections for the EU-27 Member States (2008–2060). Joint Report prepared by the European Commission (DG ECFIN) and the Economic Policy Committee (AWG)'', [http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication14992_en.pdf], p. 78.
  4. (11 April 2016). "Пенсионный возраст в Беларуси | Новости Беларуси|БелТА".
  5. [http://parl.sejm.gov.pl/WydBAS.nsf/0/D8FD27CD446CB5DDC12573E800318FA1/$file/infos_027.pdf Kłos B., ''Wiek emerytalny kobiet i mężczyzn'', "infos", 7.02.2008] {{webarchive. link. (2010-03-31)
  6. "SFPD".
  7. "Retirement Ages".
  8. "Old-age Pension". Czech social security administration.
  9. "Part 3 of paragraph 32 of Czech law 155/1995".
  10. [http://www.cssz.cz/en/pension-insurance/old-age-pension.htm Czech Social Security Administration: Old-age Pension]
  11. "Adjust your savings to match your retirement expectations". english.pfa.dk.
  12. (13 October 2014). "Denmark has world's best pension system - The Local". thelocal.dk.
  13. (22 May 2025). "Forhøjelse af folkepensionsalderen i 2040 sikrer velfærden".
  14. "Pensionikeskus". pensionikeskus.ee.
  15. Knight, Ben. (1 August 2025). "Will Germany raise retirement age beyond 67? Ben Knight". Deutsche Welle.
  16. "Retirement age".
  17. [https://www.inps.it/prestazioni-servizi/pensione-anticipata-con-64-anni-di-eta-e-38-anni-di-contribuzione Pensione anticipata con 64 anni di età e 38 anni di contribuzione]
  18. "Età pensionabile".
  19. "Old age pension age table". Sodra.
  20. "Old Age Pension (AOW)".
  21. (2017-10-30). "Op 1 januari 2018 gaat de pensioenleeftijd naar 68 jaar: wat betekent dat voor jou?". Business Insider.
  22. "Portaria n.º 414/2023". Diário da República.
  23. "Casa Judeteana de Pensii Arad". cjpensiiarad.ro.
  24. (2018-08-29). "Russia's Putin softens pension reforms after outcry". [[BBC]].
  25. (19 July 2018). "Russian Duma Moves to Hike Retirement Age Amid Popular Opposition". themoscowtimes.com.
  26. [http://www.zso.gov.rs/starosna-penzija.htm The Institute for Social Insurance]
  27. "Dôchodkový vek".
  28. "Die Pensionierung planen".
  29. Office, Central Compensation. "Old-age pensions".
  30. "10. AHV-Revision".
  31. (28 October 2015). "Check your State Pension age | nidirect".
  32. (2026). "Will Pensions Cover My Retirement? Annual Expenses vs. State Pensions Across Europe".
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