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Retirement age

Age at which a person expects or requires to retire

Age at which a person expects or requires to retire

This article lists the statutory retirement age in different countries. In some contexts, the retirement age is the age at which a person is expected or required to cease work. It is usually the age at which such a person may be entitled to receive superannuation or other government benefits, like a state pension.

History and establishment

Main article: History of retirement

The first recorded use of a state pension was established in the Roman Empire in 13 BC by Augustus for military veterans who had served for at least 16 years in a legion and four years in the reserves. This was later increased to 20 years in a legion and five years in the reserves.

The first retirement age was set in Germany by Otto von Bismarck in 1881, originally at 70, before being reduced to 65 in 1916. Following this, more countries began to adopt an official retirement age, such as Britain with the passage of the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, which set the initial retirement age at 70 before it was reduced to 65 for men and 60 for women with the passage of the National Insurance Act 1946.

The United States adopted an initial retirement age of 65, under the bill of the Social Security Act of 1935. By the mid-20th century, almost all countries had adopted a retirement age.

Arguments

Policymakers usually consider the demography, fiscal cost of aging, health, life expectancy, nature of the profession, supply of labor force, and more, while taking the retirement age into account. The increase in life expectancy is used in some jurisdictions as an argument to increase the age of retirement in the 21st century.

Arguments for lower retirement ages for parents include the unpaid work of parental care. Lower retirement ages for parents have been criticized for reducing the length of pension contributions, which can result in lower retirement benefits.

Some countries are equalizing the retirement ages between women and men. The expected years in retirement were 22.8 years for women and 18.4 years for men on average in OECD in 2022, contributed by sex differences in life expectancy. The generally longer expected years in retirement result in women requiring higher pension contributions to reach the same annual pension benefits as men without redistribution.

Reforms

Reforms tend to be phased in slowly when the retirement age (or pension age) is increased with grandfathering, ensuring a gradual change. One of such examples of grandfathering is the transitional pension rules, which were applied for staff aged 54 years or older, and to some extent, for all staff in place, when in 2014, the retirement age of European civil servants was increased to 66 years of age.

In contrast, when the age of retirement is decreased, changes are often brought about rapidly.

Retirement age by country and region

Many of the countries listed in the table below are in the process of reforming retirement ages. The actual retirement can be earlier or later than the public retirement age due to private pension plans or incentives to work longer.

In some countries, one's year of birth determines their age of retirement. For example, in the United States as of 2025, while a person born before 1960 can retire with social security benefits at the age of 66, those born after 1960 must be 67, however an added increase can be obtained by retiring after 70.

Denmark, whose currently age for retirees is 67, (men and women) will also be increased to 70 by 2040.

Many European Union Member States, currently imply a retirement age of 65, in the 2020s. However by 2030 this will be increased to the standard 67 years in most countries.

The average of statutory retirement age in the 34 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2014 was males 65 years and females 63.5 years, but the tendency all over the world is to increase the retirement age. This is also reflected by the findings that just over half the Asian investors surveyed region-wide said they agreed with raising the retirement age, with a quarter disagreeing and the remainder undecided.

CountryMenWomenYearNotesRef
Albania6561 years 8 months2024Men: gradually rising by 1 month a year from 2033 onwards from 65 years to 67 years by 2056. Women: gradually rising by 2 months a year from 2021 onwards from 61 years to 67 years by 2056.
Argentina65602024
Armenia632024title=Old-age pensionurl=https://www.zso.gov.rs/english/starosna-penzija.htmaccess-date=2023-03-17website=www.zso.gov.rs}}
Australia672024In Australia the retirement age was increased to 67 years in July 2023.
Austria6560.52024Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year from 2024 onwards from 60 years to 65 years by 2033.url=https://www.etk.fi/en/work-and-pensions-abroad/international-comparisons/retirement-ages/title=Retirement Agespublisher=Finnish Centre for Pensionsaccess-date=2024-06-08}}
Azerbaijan6563.52024url=http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijan-increases-retirement-age-to-65-years.htmltitle=Azerbaijan increases retirement age to 65 years Vestnik Kavkazawebsite=vestnikkavkaza.netlanguage=en-ENaccess-date=2018-10-25}}
Belarus63582024url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331010713/http://parl.sejm.gov.pl/WydBAS.nsf/0/D8FD27CD446CB5DDC12573E800318FA1/$file/infos_027.pdfdate=31 March 2010 }}
Bangladesh592024
Belgium65-672024The legal retirement age (the age at which one can retire, regardless of career length) in Belgium is 65 in 2019. In 2025 it will be 66 and in 2030 it will be 67, both for women and men. Early retirement is possible from 60 onwards with a career of at least 44 years, from 61 onwards with at least 43 years, or from 63 onwards with a career of at least 42 years. Some exceptions exist, mainly in the required number of years. A career year is considered if it contains at least 104 days (in full time equivalent).
Bosnia and Herzegovina652024
Brazil65622024Certain individuals, such as rural workers, teachers and police officers, have a lower minimum age.
British Virgin Islands652024
Bulgaria64 years 7 months62 years 1 month2024In Bulgaria the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 65 years by 2029 for men and by 2037 for women.
Cameroon602024Since 2023 the retirement age is 60 years for all.
Canada65 (standard)
60 (on deduction, up to 36%)
70 (increase of up to 42%)2024The standard age to start the pension is 65. However, you can start receiving it as early as age 60 or as late as age 70. If you start receiving your pension earlier, the monthly amount you’ll receive will be smaller. If you decide to start later, you’ll receive a larger monthly amount. There’s no benefit to wait after age 70 to start receiving the pension. The maximum monthly amount you can receive is reached when you turn 70. If you start before age 65, payments will decrease by 0.6% each month (or by 7.2% per year), up to a maximum reduction of 36% if you start at age 60. If you start after age 65, payments will increase by 0.7% each month (or by 8.4% per year), up to a maximum increase of 42% if you start at age 70 (or after).
Chile6560
China6355–582024The new retirement age was announced on 13 September 2024 and is now 63 for men, 58 for female civil servants and 55 for female workers. It took effect on 1 January 2025. Previously, the retirement age was 60 for men, 55 for female civil servants, and 50 for female workers. The 2024 change marked the first increase of the retirement age since the 1950s. The retirement age will apply to men born in and after 1965, female civil servants born in and after 1970 and female workers born in or after 1975. The retirement age increase is based on the individual’s year and month of birth, as it increases by 1 month for every 4-month-block months of birth for males and female civil servants and 1 month for every 2-month-block for female workers until 2040. It is expected to be fully phased in for male workers born in September 1976, female civil servants born in September 1981 and female workers born in November 1984. The New regulation also stipulates that those affected by the change may voluntarily reduce their retirement age by up to 3 years if they have made the minimum length of pension payments, or delay their retirements by up to 3 years if permitted by the employer. The minimum pension payment period will also be increased from 15 years to 20 from 2030.
Colombia62572024The reform, which will be in force from July 2025, kept the retirement age at 62 for men when they have made contributions for 1,300 weeks of work and 57 for women, though it reduced the number of weeks for women to 1,000. Women can discount 50 weeks of pension contributions from their required amount for each child, for up to three children, under the terms of the reform.
Croatia6563 years 6 months2024Men: 65. Women: gradually rising by 3 months per year to 65 years by 2030.
Cuba65602024Age 65 (men) or age 60 (women) with at least 30 years of employment; age 60 (men) or age 55 (women) if 75% of the insured's total employment history or the 15 years of employment immediately before retirement involved arduous or dangerous work.
Cyprus652024The pensionable age is 65. It is possible to receive a pension at the age of 63 under certain conditions. Miners can receive a pension at the age of 63 provided they have worked in a mine for at least 3 years; and they are entitled to a one-month reduction in the retirement age for every 5-month period they worked in a mine on condition that they are no longer engaged in that activity. They may not, however, retire before the age of 58. Cypriot legislation does not provide for early retirement in other cases.title=Cyprus - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commissionurl=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1105&langId=en&intPageId=5007access-date=2024-10-10website=ec.europa.eu}}
Czech Republic64 years 2 months2024By 2030 the retirement age will be 65. For women, having children reduce the retirement age depending on number of children; from 2037 the retirement age will be 65 for all, regardless of number of children.title=Důchodová kalkulačka, věk odchoduurl=https://www.duchody-duchodci.cz/duchodovy-vek.phpaccess-date=2024-10-10website=www.duchody-duchodci.cz}}
Denmark672024From 2030 onwards, retirement age will be linked to life expectancy. From 2040 to 2045 the state retirement age was set to 70.url=https://english.pfa.dk/news-archive/2015/06/18/08/14/1/title=Adjust your savings to match your retirement expectationspublisher=english.pfa.dkaccess-date=23 July 2016url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817112231/https://english.pfa.dk/news-archive/2015/06/18/08/14/1/archive-date=17 August 2016}}
Egypt602015
Estonia64 years 9 months2024By 2027, retirement age will be linked to the average life expectancy. Having children may reduce the retirement age by 3–5 years.
Finland64.5–692024Flexible retirement age: 64–69 years, national pension 65 years. In 2030, the retirement age will be linked to life expectancy.
France64–672023The minimal retirement age has gradually increased from 60 to 64 years by 2023.
Georgia (country)65602011
Germany65 (rising to 67 by 2031)2025In Germany the retirement age is being increased and will gradually rise to 67 by 2031.url=https://www.dw.com/en/will-germany-raise-retirement-age-beyond-67/a-73472863title=Will Germany raise retirement age beyond 67? Ben Knightlast=Knightfirst=Bennewspaper=Deutsche Welledate=1 August 2025access-date=13 October 2025}}
Greece672021
Hong Kong60–652017Retirement age 65. Early retirement possible between the ages of 60 and 64. Some disciplined services staff of the government have lower retirement age.
Hungary652021url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/hungary/money/social-security/state-pensionstitle=Regions - SmartExpatwebsite=www.angloinfo.comaccess-date=9 May 2018url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213143206/https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/hungary/money/social-security/state-pensionsarchive-date=13 December 2017}}
Iceland672007
India60–652014In the public sector, the retirement age is 60, 62 in Indian Railways, 62 for the chiefs of army/navy/air force staff (or 3 years of service whichever is earlier), 62 for high court judges, 65 for the chief of defence staff (or 3 years of service whichever is earlier), and 65 for supreme Court judges. while in the private sector it depends on the individual company and the maximum being 65.
Indonesia582022In Indonesia, provisions relating to pensions are regulated in Government Regulation Number 45 of 2015 Article 15 concerning the Implementation of the Pension Guarantee Program, in PP 45/2015 the following matters are regulated:
Iran60552018
Iraq602019
Ireland662021In Ireland the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028.
Israel67652022In Israel the retirement age for women is to be increased gradually and reach 65 by 2032.url=https://www.btl.gov.il/benefits/old_age/Conditions_of_eligibility/gilMezake/Pages/gilPrisha.aspxtitle=הגיל הראשון: גיל הפרישה - 2. הגעת לגיל המזכה בקצבה | ביטוח לאומי }}
Italy62–672021Must have paid contributions for at least 20 years (At 67 years and 3 months).
Those who have paid contributions for at least 41 years can retire at 62.
Those who have paid contributions for at least 41 years and 10 months (women) or 42 years and 10 months (men) can retire regardless of age.
Japan64622022While the government is at it with early retirement prevention, the age is expected to increase gradually to 65 years of age by 2025.url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323073026/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/org/policy/dl/p36-37_1.pdfdate=23 March 2011}}
Kazakhstan63582015From 2017 the retirement age for women is to be increased gradually and reach 63 years in 2027
Kosovo65652014
Kyrgyzstan63582011
Latvia642021The age will be 65 by 2025.
Libya65602017
Liechtenstein642007
Lithuania64 years 8 months64 years 4 months2024In Lithuania, the retirement age will be raised to 65 for both men and women by 2026.first = Mildalast = Seputytetitle = Lithuania Raises Retirement Age to 65 to Help Narrow Budget Gapnewspaper = Bloomberglocation = Vilniuspublisher = Bloomberg L.P.date = 9 June 2011url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-06-09/lithuania-raises-retirement-age-to-65-to-help-narrow-budget-gapaccess-date = 11 March 2015url-status = livearchive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153218/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-06-09/lithuania-raises-retirement-age-to-65-to-help-narrow-budget-gaparchive-date = 2 April 2015 }}
Luxembourg652011
Malaysia602013url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/cuepacs-wants-government-to-consider-retirement-age-from-60-to-62-bernamaarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092010/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/cuepacs-wants-government-to-consider-retirement-age-from-60-to-62-bernamaarchive-date=2015-04-02url-status=deadtitle=Cuepacs wants government to consider retirement age from 60 to 62 – Bernama - The Malaysian Insideraccess-date=23 July 2016}} but the government has no immediate plan to extend it as the current retirement age is deemed as sufficient.
Malta642024In Malta the retirement age is being increased gradually to 65 years by 2027.
Mauritius602025In Mauritius the retirement age is being increased gradually to 65 years by 2034.
Mexico652015Retirement age is expected to be increased in the coming years.
Moldova63612024Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year until 63 years in 2028.
Montenegro66642022
Morocco632014Abdelilah Benkirane increased the retirement age to 63 since 2015.
Namibia602024The early retirement age for public employees is 55 years
Nepal652021
Netherlands67202467 to be increased to 67 years 3 months in 2028. AOW (Algemene Ouderdomswet, meaning General Old Age Law) eligibility is tied to life expectancy.title=Pension arrangements in the Netherlandsurl=https://business.gov.nl/regulation/pension/access-date=2024-06-08website=Business.gov.nllanguage=en}}
New Zealand652019{{cite weburl=https://www.workandincome.govt.nz/products/a-z-benefits/nz-superannuation.htmltitle=New Zealand Superannuationwork=workandincome.govt.nzaccess-date=August 21, 2019}}
North Korea60551999
North Macedonia64622011
Norway62–672024The general retirement age is currently set to age 67 however, given sufficient pension contributions it is possible to retire as early as at age 62. The longer an individual postpones withdrawing a pension, the greater the government pension provision becomes.
Oman60552023The age is 60.
Pakistan602012
Peru602018
Philippines601990The retirement age for an employee depends on the employment contract. Upon retirement, the retired employee should be given his/her benefits according to the agreement or contract between the employer and the employee. However, if there is no existing retirement plan or agreement for the employee, he/she may retire at the age of 60, given that he/she has served the employer for 5 years, and shall be given a retirement pay of at least half a month's salary for every year of service (6 months of work given is considered as 1 whole year for the retirement pay).last=Philippinestitle=Labor Code of the Philippines : as amended with implementing rules and regulationsyear=1990publisher=Department of Labor and Employmentlocation=Manilaurl=http://www.dole.gov.ph/labor_codes.phpurl-status=deadarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117024015/http://www.dole.gov.ph/labor_codes.phparchive-date=17 January 2012}}
Poland65602016
Portugal66.62025
Romania65622023The age for women is being increased gradually. It will reach 63 by 2030, 64 in 2033 and 65 in 2035, and then will be linked to life expectancy.
Russia63582024From 2019 the retirement age for men (women) would gradually increase from 60 (55) to 65 (60) years by 2028; first it was intended to hike the age for women to 63 but later the plan was softened.url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-45342721title= Russia's Putin softens pension reforms after outcrypublisher= BBCdate= 2018-08-29access-date= 2019-01-30 }}
Saudi Arabia602014In Saudi Arabia, the retirement age is based on the Hijiri (lunar) calendar.
Serbia6563.52023Both men and women can retire when they reach their respective retirement age and have at least 15 years of insurance coverage. Or, have 45 years of insurance coverage regardless of age. The retirement age for women is increased by 2 months every year and it will be the same as for men, 65 in 2032.
Singapore62–652012In Singapore, the Retirement Age Act (RAA) has been replaced by the Retirement and Re-employment Act (RRA) in 2012. Under the RRA, the statutory minimum retirement age is still 62, but employers are now required to offer re-employment to eligible employees who turn 62, up to the age of 65. The bill will gradually increase the retirement and re-employment ages for Singapore employees to 65 and 70 years old, respectively. By 2030, the retirement age will have been increased to 65 and the re-employment age will have been raised to 70, in a step-by-step approach.
Slovakia622017In Slovakia the retirement age for women depends on the number of children. The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 62 in 2017. The retirement age as of October 2022 is 63 years with the conditions.
Slovenia652021
South Korea602016url=http://www.hankookilbo.com/v/57e47c3e093a450ba841dfff0ca0b5aatitle=한국일보 : 오피니언 : 2016 국민생활 이렇게 달라진다date=27 December 2015publisher=hankookilbo.comaccess-date=23 July 2016url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817084149/http://www.hankookilbo.com/v/57e47c3e093a450ba841dfff0ca0b5aaarchive-date=17 August 2016}}
Spain66.52024The age will be 67 by 2027.
Sri Lanka552014
Sweden672024Early retirement possible from 64. Persons born before 1963 have various lower retirement ages.url=https://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se/ga-i-pension/planera-din-pension/hojd-pensionsaldertitle = Riktåldern styr när du kan ta ut allmän pensiondate=14 September 2023}}
Switzerland6565202165 for women as of January 2025.
Tajikistan63582011
Thailand602015except a president of a university can work beyond 60 years
Trinidad and Tobago60–652015
Tunisia62–652019
Turkmenistan62572011
Turkey60582014Retirement age was gradually increased since the 1970s, from 44 for men and 38 for women. Originally, there was no exact retirement age. Current ages will increase to 65 for both genders by 2048. Additionally, various minimum days of service is required, which is currently 7000 days. It will become 7200 days (20 years) by 2048. One is subject to the laws on the day he/she started working.
Ukraine602021url=http://voxukraine.org/2015/06/09/ukraine-needs-a-smaller-and-more-humane-state/title=Ukraine Needs a Smaller and More Humane State – VoxUkrainework=VoxUkrainedate=9 June 2015publisher=voxukraine.orgaccess-date=23 July 2016url-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514123236/http://voxukraine.org/2015/06/09/ukraine-needs-a-smaller-and-more-humane-state/archive-date=14 May 2016}}
United Arab Emirates652010In the United Arab Emirates the mandatory retirement age was raised from 60 to 65 in 2010, enabling the UAE to retain its needed expat skilled work force longer for key construction projects.
United Kingdom662020
United States(A) Earliest age is 62 (on 25 to 30% reduction)
(B) Standard - 66–69
(C) Delayment in receiving benefits out until aged 70, +25% increase2024url=https://www.ssa.gov/benefits/retirement/planner/agereduction.htmltitle=Benefits Planner: Retirement | Retirement Age and Benefit Reductionwebsite=Social Security Administration}}
Uruguay60–70200960 years and 30 working years minimum (1995), or 65 years and 25 working years and progressive to 70 in age and 15 working years (2009).
Uzbekistan60552011
Venezuela60552015
Vietnam60.555.672022The retirement age will gradually increase to 62 for males by 2028 and 60 for females by 2035. In 2021, the retirement age is 60.25 (age 60 and 3 months) for men and 55.33 (age 55 and 4 months) for women, the age will be increased by 3 months each year following for men and 4 months for women.

France

In France, the maximum working age was recognized in 2009 and set at 70. Up to this age, a company wishing to retire has no choice but to dismiss its employee or negotiate with them. France is one of the few countries to have three legal ages: the minimum (64 years), the maximum (70 years), and the full retirement age (variable, maximum 67 years).

Japan

In Japan, the legal retirement age was 60 until March 31, 2013. It will gradually increase to 65 in 2025 for men, (61 in 2013, 62 in 2016, 63 in 2019, and 64 in 2022), and in 2030 for women (61 in 2018, 62 in 2021, 63 in 2024, and 64 in 2027).

References

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