Repetition (rhetorical device)

Types

• Antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed order. : "I know what I like, and I like what I know."
• Tautology is superfluous and simple repetition of the same sense in different words. : "The children gathered in a round circle."
• Antanaclasis is the repetition of a word or phrase to effect a different meaning. : "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." (Benjamin Franklin)
• Epizeuxis or palilogia is the repetition of a single word or phrase, with no other words in between. This is derived from Greek for "fastening together". : "Words, words, words." (Hamlet)
• Conduplicatio is the repetition of a word in various places throughout a paragraph. : "And the world said, 'Disarm, disclose, or face serious consequences'—and therefore, we worked with the world, we worked to make sure that Saddam Hussein heard the message of the world." (George W. Bush)
• Anadiplosis is the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause. The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence. : "This, it seemed to him, was the end, the end of a world as he had known it..." (James Oliver Curwood)
• Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of every clause. It comes from the Greek phrase "carrying up or back". : "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!" Here the words "we shall" are repeated (Winston Churchill)
• Epistrophe is the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of every clause. : "that government of the people, by the people, for the people" (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address) : "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us." (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
• Mesodiplosis is the repetition of a word or phrase at the middle of every clause. : "We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed..." (Second Epistle to the Corinthians)
• Diaphora is the repetition of a name, first to signify the person or persons it describes, then to signify its meaning. In modern English it has become the standard form of syntax in the example of the personal possessive pronouns given below. : "For your gods are not gods but man-made idols." (The Passion of Saints Sergius and Bacchus)
• Epanalepsis is the repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end. : "The king is dead, long live the king!"
• Diacope is repetition of a word or phrase with one or two words between each repeated phrase. The life that I have Is all that I have And the life that I have Is yours. The love that I have Of the life that I have Is yours and yours and yours. A sleep I shall have A rest I shall have Yet death will be but a pause. For the peace of my years In the long green grass Will be yours and yours and yours.
• Polyptoton is the repetition of a word derived from the same root in different grammatical forms. In inflected languages, this commonly refers to the repetition of a single word in different grammatical cases. : "Diamond me no diamonds, prize me no prizes" (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine).

Avoidance of repetition

H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler adopted the term "elegant variation" in The King's English (1906) referring to the use of synonyms to avoid repetition or to add variety. In their meaning of the term, they focus particularly on instances when the word being avoided is a noun or its pronoun. Pronouns are themselves variations intended to avoid awkward repetition, and variations are so often not necessary, that they should be used only when needed. The Fowlers recommend that "variations should take place only when there is some awkwardness, such as ambiguity or noticeable monotony, in the word avoided".

Avoidance of "useless repetitions" was one of the aims of the Catholic Church when the liturgy was revised by the Second Vatican Council.

References

References

1. Nordquist, Richard. "Epizeuxis". Lincoln Financial Group.
2. (22 March 2006). "Helen Thomas Asks President Bush Why He Went to War".
3. "Term: Anadiplosis". White Smoke.
4. Nordquist, Richard. "Anaphora". grammar.about.com.
5. "BBC History: Fight on the beaches". bbc.co.uk.
6. Until 19th century British English the near-universal form for expressing the last recorded words of [[Saints Sergius and Bacchus]] without extra stress, now widely deprecated as terse and/or archaic, would be, "For yours are not Gods, (but) (they) (are) man-made idols". The words in brackets expressing options commonly used. In colloquial British English and in much non British-English, the usual form would be "Yours aren't Gods, they're man-made idols".
   Separately, the extra, clear connotation achieved by this diaphora quoted, of which those listening aware of Abrahamic religious would know, is that all Gods (pluralistic Gods) are idols so rejected by any monotheistic religion.
7. Fowler, Henry W. and Fowler F. G. ''The King's English''. Oxford University Press. 1906 [https://books.google.com/books?id=uBkFAQAAIAAJ&dq=king%27s+english+1906&pg=PA176 p. 175-179].
8. Second Vatican Council, [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy], paragraph 31, published on 4 December 1963, accessed on 13 June 2025