Rehoboam

Background

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, "Solomon's wisdom and power were not sufficient to prevent the rebellion of several of his border cities. Damascus under Rezon secured its independence [from] Solomon; and Jeroboam, a superintendent of works, his ambition stirred by the words of the prophet Ahijah, fled to Egypt. Thus, before the death of Solomon, the apparently unified kingdom of David began to disintegrate. With Damascus independent and a powerful man of Ephraim, the most prominent of the Ten Tribes, awaiting his opportunity, the future of Solomon's kingdom became dubious".

According to First Book of Kings 11:1–13, Solomon had broken the mandate of the Torah by marrying foreign wives and being influenced by them, worshipping and building shrines to the Moabite and Ammonite gods:

Rehoboam's mother, Naamah, was an Ammonite, and thus one of the foreign wives whom Solomon married. In the Revised Version of the Bible she is referred to as "the Ammonitess".

Reign

Accession to the throne

Conventional biblical chronology dates the start of Rehoboam's reign to the mid-10th century BC. His reign is described in 1 Kings 12 and 1 Kings 14:21–31 and in 2 Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. Rehoboam was 41 years old (16 in Chapter 12 of 3 Kings in the Septuagint) when he ascended the throne.

The ten northern tribes assembled at Shechem to proclaim Rehoboam King of Israel. At the assembly, the tribes requested certain reforms in the policy followed by Rehoboam's father, Solomon. The reforms requested would materially reduce the royal exchequer and hence its power to continue the magnificence of Solomon's court. The older men counselled Rehoboam at least to speak to the people in a civil manner (it is not clear whether they counselled him to accept the demands). However, the new king sought the advice from the young men with which he had grown up, who advised the king to show no weakness to the people, and to tax them even more, which Rehoboam did.

Although the ostensible reason was the heavy burden laid upon Israel because of Solomon's great outlay for buildings and for luxury of all kinds, the other reasons include the historical opposition between the north and the south. The two sections had acted independently until David, by his victories, succeeded in uniting all the tribes, though the Ephraimitic jealousy was ever ready to develop into open revolt. Religious considerations were also operative. The building of the Temple was a severe blow for the various sanctuaries scattered through the land, and the priests of the high places probably supported the revolt. Josephus (Ant., VIII., viii. 3) has the rebels exclaim: "We leave to Rehoboam the Temple his father built."

Jeroboam and the people rebelled, with the ten northern tribes breaking away and forming a separate kingdom. The new breakaway kingdom continued to be called Kingdom of Israel and was also known as Samaria, or Ephraim or the northern kingdom. The realm Rehoboam was left with was called Kingdom of Judah.

During Rehoboam's 17-year reign, he retained Jerusalem as Judah's capital but

Civil war

Rehoboam went to war against the new Kingdom of Israel with a force of 180,000 soldiers. However, he was advised against fighting his brethren and so returned to Jerusalem. The narrative reports that Israel and Judah were in a state of war throughout his 17-year reign.

Egyptian invasion

In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign, Shishak, king of Egypt, brought a huge army and took many cities. According to Joshua, son of Nadav, the mention in 2 Chronicles 11, 6 sqq., that Rehoboam built fifteen fortified cities, indicates that the attack was not unexpected. Shishak's armies captured all of the fortified towns leading to Jerusalem between Gezer and Gibeon. When they laid siege to Jerusalem, Rehoboam gave Shishak all of the treasures of the temple as a tribute. The Egyptian campaign cut off trade with south Arabia via Elath and the Negev that had been established during Solomon's reign. Judah became a vassal state of Egypt.

This invasion is confirmed by records from the Bubastite Portal in Karnak and another archaeological find. Shishak is generally identified with the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I, who invaded Judah. One of the most difficult issues in identifying Shishak with Shoshenq I is the biblical statement that "King Shishak of Egypt attacked Jerusalem. He seized the treasures of the Lord's temple and the royal palace", whereas the Bubastite Portal lists do not include Jerusalem or any city from central Judea among the surviving names in the list of Shoshenq's conquests.

Succession

Rehoboam had 18 wives and 60 concubines. They bore him 28 sons and 60 daughters. His wives included his cousin Mahalath, the daughter of Jerimoth the son of David, and Abihail, the daughter of Eliab the son of Jesse. His sons with Mahalath were Jeush, Shemariah, and Zaham. After Mahalath he married his cousin Maacah, daughter (or grand-daughter) of Absalom, David's son. His sons with Maacah were Abijam, Attai, Ziza, and Shelomith. The names of his other wives, sons and all his daughters are not given.

Rehoboam reigned for 17 years. When he died, he was buried beside his ancestors in Jerusalem. He was succeeded by his son Abijah.

Historicity

Extrabiblical evidence for a stable monarchy in Judah during Rehoboam’s reign is scarce, with minimal interest from Shoshenq I and little indication of significant political or economic activity in the region.{{cite book

Rabbinic literature

It was difficult to maintain the Messianic claims of the house of David due to that Rehoboam, the son of King Solomon, was born of an Ammonite woman (I Kings, xiv. 21–31); but it was adduced as an illustration of divine Providence which selected the "two doves," Ruth, the Moabite, and Naamah, the Ammonitess, for honourable distinction (B. Ḳ. 38b). Naamah was one of Solomon's wives and mother of Rehoboam (I Kings xiv. 21, 31; II Chron. xii. 13). In the second Greek account (I Kings xii. 24), Naamah is said to have been the daughter of Hanun (Ἄνα), son of Nahash, a king of Ammon (II Sam. x. 1–4). Naamah is praised, in B. Ḳ. 38b, for her righteousness, on account of which Moses had previously been warned by God not to make war upon the Ammonites (comp. Deut. ii. 19), as Naamah was to descend from them.

Rehoboam was the son of an Ammonite woman; and when David praised God because it was permissible to marry Ammonites and Moabites, he held the child upon his knees, giving thanks for himself as well as for Rehoboam, since this permission was of advantage to them both (Yeb. 77a). Rehoboam was stricken with a running sore as a punishment for the curse which David had invoked upon Joab (II Sam. iii. 29) when he prayed that Joab's house might forever be afflicted with leprosy and running sores (Sanh. 48b).

All the treasures which Israel had brought from Egypt were kept until the Egyptian king Shishak (I Kings xiv. 25, 26) took them from Rehoboam (Pes. 119a).

In Christianity

Rehoboam appears in the genealogy of Jesus, in the Gospel of Matthew.

In popular culture

Rehoboam is portrayed by Gino Leurini in The Queen of Sheba (1952) and by Dexter Fletcher in Solomon (1997).

In Season 3 of the HBO show Westworld, the artificial intelligence entity dictating the fate of humans through algorithmic analysis is named “Rehoboam”. It is the successor to a prior version called “Solomon” (which was the successor to “David”.) Like the historical Rehoboam, this artificial intelligence version coincided with the demise of the rule of its line.

In the third episode of season 7 of The Simpsons, titled "Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily", where the Flanders' adopt the Simpson children, and perform emergency baptisms after learning the children are unbaptized, Ned Flanders quizzes the Simpson children on their Bible knowledge, during which he references the “Serpent of Rehoboam”.

References

References

1. {{bibleverse. 1 Kings. 11:29-40. NKJV
2. "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12647-rehoboam Rehoboam]". ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. 1906. {{PD-notice
3. {{bibleverse. 1. Kings. 11:1-13. NKJV
4. {{bibleverse. Deuteronomy. 7:3. NKJV
5. {{bibleverse. 1. Kings. 14:21. NKJV
6. "1 Kings 14:21, English Revised Version".
7. {{bibleverse. 1. Kings. 14:21-31. HE
8. {{bibleverse. 2. Chronicles. 10-12. HE
9. "Kittle, R., "Rehoboam", ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', Vol. IX: Petri – Reuchlin, Samuel Macauley Jackson (ed.), Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1953".
10. [[1 Kings 14:21]]
11. {{bibleverse. 1. Kings. 14:22-24. RSV
12. {{bibleverse. 1. Kings. 12:22-24. HE, {{bibleverse. 2. Chronicles. 11:2-4. HE
13. {{bibleverse. 2. Chronicles. 12:15. HE
14. ""Relief and Stelae of Pharaoh Shoshenq I: Rehoboam's Tribute, c. 925 BCE", The Centre for Online Judaic Studies".
15. (January 1979). "Aharoni, Yohanan. ''The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography'', Chap. IV, Westminster John Knox Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1979". Westminster John Knox Press.
16. {{bibleverse. 1 Kings. 14:25-26
17. Van De Mieroop, Marc. (2007). "A History of Ancient Egypt". Blackwell Publishing.
18. {{bibleverse. 2. Chronicles. 11:18-21. HE
19. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4LdaAAAAYAAJ&dq=rehoboam+in+the+bible&pg=PA29 Geikie, Cunningham. ''Hours with the Bible: From Rehoboam to Hezekiah''], [[John B. Alden]], New York, 1887
20. 1 Kings 14:21
21. {{bibleverse. 2. Chronicles. 12:16
22. [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1414-ammon-ammonites Jewish encyclopedia ammon-ammonites]{{PD-notice
23. [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11254-naamah Jewish encyclopedia Naamah]{{PD-notice
24. [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12647-rehoboam#anchor4 Jewish encyclopedia Rehboam]{{PD-notice