Red River of the North

History

The watershed of the Red River was part of Rupert's Land, the concession established by the British Hudson's Bay Company in north central North America. The Red was a key trade route for the company, and contributed to the settlement of British North America. The river was long used by fur traders, including the French and the Métis people, who established a community in this area some time before the British defeated France in the Seven Years' War. Following that, they took over French possessions in Canada. Settlers of the Red River Colony established farming along the river, and their primary settlement developed as Winnipeg, Manitoba. What became known as the Red River Trails, nineteenth-century oxcart trails developed originally by the Métis, supported the fur trade and these settlements. They contributed to further development of the region on both sides of the international border.

Skating trail on the Red River at sunset south of the Norwood Bridge, Winnipeg]]

Geography

The Red River begins at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers, on the border of Wahpeton, North Dakota and Breckenridge, Minnesota. Downstream, it is bordered by the twin cities of Fargo, North Dakota – Moorhead, Minnesota, and Grand Forks, North Dakota – East Grand Forks, Minnesota. It crosses the Canada–United States border just before reaching the town of Emerson, Manitoba. Manitoba's capital, Winnipeg, is at the Red's confluence with the Assiniboine River, at a point called The Forks. Together with the Assiniboine, the Red River fully encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake.

The Red flows further north before draining into Lake Winnipeg which then drains through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay, both part of the Hudson Bay watershed. The mouth of the Red River forms a freshwater river delta called the Netley–Libau Marsh. The Netley Marsh is west of the Red and the Libau Marsh is east, forming a 26000 ha wetland.

Southern Manitoba has a frost-free season of between 120 and 140 days per year in the Red River Valley.

File:Wpgriversky.jpg|Red River in Winnipeg, Manitoba Image:Redrivergrandforks.jpg|The Red River in Greater Grand Forks, as viewed from the Grand Forks side of the river Image:Red-river-pembina.jpg|The Red River near Pembina, North Dakota, about 3 km south of the Canada–U.S. border. The Pembina River can be seen flowing into the Red at the bottom.

Geology

The Red River flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz, an enormous glacial lake created at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation from meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. As this continental glacier decayed, its meltwaters formed the lake. Over thousands of years, sediments precipitated to the bottom of the lakebed. These lacustrine soils are the parent soils of today's Red River Valley. The river is very young; it developed only after Lake Agassiz drained, about 9,500 years ago.

The word "valley" is a misnomer. While the Red River drains the region, it did not create a valley wider than a few hundred feet. The much wider floodplain is the lake bed of the ancient glacial lake. It is remarkably flat; from its origin near Breckenridge, Minnesota, to the international border near Emerson, Manitoba, its gradient is only about 1:5000 (1 metre per 5 kilometres), or approximately 1 foot per mile. The river, slow and small in most seasons, does not have the energy to cut a gorge. Instead it meanders across the silty bottomlands in its progress north.{{Cite news

Floods

Floods happen in the Red River when the water level increases over the tops of riverbanks due to significant precipitation over the same area for long periods, in the forms of persistent thunderstorms, rain, or snow combined with spring snow melt and ice jam. Major floods in historic times include those of 1826, 1897, 1950, 1997, 2009, 2011, and there has been significant flooding many years in between. Geologists have found evidence of many other floods in prehistoric times of equal or greater size. These "paleofloods" are known from their effects on local landforms, and have been the subject of scholarly studies. After the disastrous 1950 flood, which resulted in extensive property damage and losses in Winnipeg, the province of Manitoba undertook flood prevention by constructing the Red River Floodway. Completed in 1968, it diverts floodwaters around the city to less settled areas farther down the river. Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered widespread destruction in the flood of 1997. 75% of the population in the former city was evacuated, and all of the latter. Many of the residential areas along the rivers were inundated and all the homes had to be destroyed. Afterward, a massive flood protection project was undertaken to protect both cities. Atashi et al. study conducted spatial analyses of the Permanent Water Area (PWA) and Seasonal Water Area (SWA), revealing a specific vulnerable section near Grafton city, located between Grand Forks and Emerson, that is highly susceptible to severe floods.

1950 flood

Main article: 1950 Red River flood

On May 8, 1950, the Red River reached its highest level at Winnipeg since 1861. Eight dikes protecting Winnipeg gave way and flooded much of the city, turning 600 sqmi of farmland into an enormous lake. The city turned to the Canadian Army and the Red Cross and The Salvation Army for help, and nearly 70,000 people were evacuated from their homes and businesses. Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed, and damage was estimated at between $900 million and $1 billion.

As a result of the floods, a flood control project was constructed to prevent such damage in the future. The Red River Floodway around Winnipeg attracted some derision at the time, as some people thought it was massively overbuilt and was the then-largest earth-moving project in the world. The project was completed under-budget, and has been used for at least some flood control 20 times in the 37 years from its completion to 2006. The Floodway has saved an estimated CA$10 billion in flood damages.

1997 flood

Main article: 1997 Red River flood

In the spring of 1997 a major flood of the Red River caused a total of $3.5 billion in damage and required temporary evacuation of towns and cities on both sides of the border. The cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered the most damage, and most of their populations had to be evacuated. The river crested at more than 54 ft above datum.

The cities worked with FEMA and the state of Minnesota to clear the floodplains of the river on both sides, prohibiting future housing or businesses in this area. They created the Greater Grand Forks Greenway on both sides, which includes city and state parks, a long bike trail, and other recreational amenities. The trees and greenery help absorb floodwaters. A dike system was constructed outside this area on both sides to protect the cities from future floods. In East Grand Forks, a removable flood wall was constructed in the downtown area so that residents did not lose their connection to the river.

In Winnipeg, the flood crested at 24.5 ft above datum at the James Avenue pumping station, making it the third-highest flood at Winnipeg in recorded history. It was surpassed by the floods of 1825, and 1826. The city was largely spared the fate of Grand Forks thanks to the Floodway, which was pushed to its capacity during the 1997 flood.

2009 flood

Main article: 2009 Red River flood

In 2009 the Red River flooded in early spring. By Friday, March 27, the river at Fargo had reached the highest level in recorded history.{{cite web | access-date = 2009-03-27}} Its discharge at that location was far in excess of normal flows.{{cite web

2011 flood

Main article: 2011 Red River flood

Due to a wet summer in 2010, as well as an above average amount of snowfall through the winter in the Red River Valley, the Red River spilled its banks. It crested in Winnipeg at the James Avenue pumping station at 19.59 ft above datum, as the sixth highest flood levels in recorded history if flood protection such as the Portage Diversion and the Red River Floodway were not in place. That same year there was a surprise major flood on the Assiniboine River. In May 2011, a Manitoba-wide state of emergency was declared in the wake of a 300-year flood on the Assiniboine River at Brandon. Many residents had to be evacuated.

Flow rates and flood potential

Below are the estimated, measured, and calculated peak flow rates of the Red River at various locations for the top ten floods of the Red River Valley, as measured at Winnipeg.

References

References

1. Atlas of Canada. "Rivers of Canada".
2. "Red River of the North State Water Trail".
3. [http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/maps/canoe_routes/red_river_3.pdf Red River Map 3] {{Webarchive. link. (2019-08-05 , Minnesota DNR; map shows the international border at [[river mile]] 155.)
4. (June 2011). "State of Lake Winnipeg: 1999 to 2007". Environment Canada; Manitoba Water Stewardship.
5. [[Microsoft Encarta]] 2005. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
6. Schwert, Don (interviewed by Tom Crann), [http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/03/25/flood_plain_geology/ "The geology of the Red River flood plain"], [[Minnesota Public Radio]], 25 March 2005. Taped interview.
7. Schwert, Donald P. "A Brief Overview of the Geology of the Fargo – Moorhead Region, North Dakota – Minnesota". [[North Dakota State University]].
8. Puxley, Chinta. (October 2017). "Manitoba flood forecasters say don't be alarmed by flooding in Dakota". Yahoo! News Canada.
9. (2022). "Water Level Forecasting Using Deep Learning Time-Series Analysis: A Case Study of Red River of the North.". Water.
10. "Major Historical Floods in the Red River Basin".
11. [https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?gage=whnn8&wfo=fgf Red River of the North at Wahpeton, North Dakota – National Weather Service]
12. "Red River Basin Decision Information Network".
13. ""Paleofloods in the Red River Basin"".
14. (14 February 2006). "Winnipeg Flood – 1950". [[Library and Archives Canada]].
15. (August 2009). "An Overview of 2009 Spring Flooding in Manitoba". Province of Manitoba.
16. Kolpack, Dave. (March 28, 2009). "Red River valley gets good news in new flood forecast". [[Minnesota Public Radio]].
17. (6 May 2011). "The Red River reached an open water crest in Winnipeg at James Avenue yesterday at 19.59 feet". Manitoba Floods.
18. (10 May 2011). "Evacuees wait to return home as Brandon faces one-in-300-year flood". CTV news.
19. "Title unknown". The Canadian Press.
20. (May 9, 2011). "Provincial State of Emergency Declared".
21. (September 2011). "Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin". Red River Basin Commission.
22. (September 30, 2011}}{{Dead link). "Long Term Flood Solutions For the Red River Basin Appendix B". Red River Basin Commission.
23. (2013). "Flood Fighting in Manitoba". Province of Manitoba.