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Raggedy Ann

Rag doll character by Johnny Gruelle

Raggedy Ann

Rag doll character by Johnny Gruelle

FieldValue
nameRaggedy Ann
imageRaggedy Ann & Andy - Project Gutenberg eText 17371.jpg
captionRaggedy Ann meets Raggedy Andy for the first time; illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
firstRaggedy Ann Stories (1918)
voiceDidi Conn, June Foray, Christina Lange
speciesDoll
genderFemale
creatorJohnny Gruelle
nationalityAmerican

Raggedy Ann is a character created by American writer Johnny Gruelle (1880–1938) who appeared in a series of books he wrote and illustrated for young children. Raggedy Ann is a rag doll with red yarn for hair and a triangle nose. The character was created in 1915, as a doll, and was introduced to the public in the 1918 book Raggedy Ann Stories. When a doll was marketed with the book, the concept had great success. A sequel, Raggedy Andy Stories (1920), introduced the character of her brother, Raggedy Andy. Further characters such as the Camel with the Wrinkled Knees and Beloved Belindy, a black mammy doll, were featured as dolls and characters in books.

Origins

The exact details of the origins of the Raggedy Ann doll and related stories, which were created by Johnny Gruelle, are not specifically known, although numerous myths and legends about the doll's origins have been widely repeated. Gruelle biographer and Raggedy Ann historian Patricia Hall notes that the dolls have "found themselves at the center of several legend cycles—groups of stories that, while containing kernels of truth, are more myth than they are history.

"What makes this even more intriguing is the fact that Johnny Gruelle, either unwittingly or with the great sense of humor he was known for, initiated many of these legends, a number of which are continuously repeated as the factual history of Raggedy Ann and Andy."

Hall further explains that according to an oft-repeated myth, Gruelle's daughter Marcella brought down from her grandmother's attic a faceless cloth doll on which the artist drew a face, and that Gruelle suggested that Marcella's grandmother sew a shoe button for a missing eye.

Hall says the date of this supposed occurrence is given as early as 1900 and as late as 1914, with the locale variously given as suburban Indianapolis, Indiana, downtown Cleveland, Ohio, or rural Connecticut. More likely, as Gruelle's wife Myrtle reported, it was her husband who retrieved a long-forgotten, homemade rag doll from the attic of his parents' Indianapolis home sometime around the turn of the twentieth century before the couple's daughter was born. Although the incident is unconfirmed, Myrtle Gruelle recalled, "There was something he wanted from the attic. While he was rummaging around for it, he found an old rag doll his mother had made for his sister. He said then that the doll would make a good story."

Myrtle Gruelle also indicated that her husband "kept [the doll] in his mind until we had Marcella. He remembered it when he saw her play [with] dolls ... He wrote the stories around some of the things she did. He used to get ideas from watching her."

Additionally, Gruelle did not create Raggedy Ann as a tribute to his daughter following her death at 13 from a vaccine that was Infected. Hall notes Gruelle's May 28, 1915, application for the design of the prototype that became the Raggedy Ann doll was already in progress around the time that Marcella fell ill, and the artist received final approval by the U.S. Patent office on September 7, 1915. Nonetheless, the anti-vaccination movement adopted Raggedy Ann as a symbol, though Marcella died from an infected vaccination, not from the side effects of the vaccination itself.

Naming Raggedy Ann

On June 17, 1915, shortly after submitting his patent application for the doll's design, Johnny Gruelle applied for a registered trademark for the Raggedy Ann name, which he created by combining words from two of James Whitcomb Riley poems, "The Raggedy Man" and "Little Orphant Annie". (Riley was a well-known Hoosier poet and a Gruelle family friend and neighbor from the years when they resided in Indianapolis.) The U.S. Patent Office registered Gruelle's trademark application (107328) for the Raggedy Ann name on November 23, 1915.

Early books and doll design

Raggedy Ann Stories (1918), written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle and published by the P. F. Volland Company, was the first in a series of books about his cloth doll character and her friends. The book's first edition also included Gruelle's own version of the doll's origins and the related stories.

Gruelle's U.S. Patent design for what became known as the Raggedy Ann doll

Although the female members of Gruelle's family may have made a small number of initial versions of the Raggedy Ann doll in Norwalk, Connecticut, to help market the related books, Gruelle soon established a merchandising agreement with P. F. Volland Company, his primary publisher, to begin commercially manufacturing, selling, and promoting a mass-produced version of the doll.

In addition to his patent application in 1915 for the design of what became the Raggedy Ann doll, Gruelle patented his design for a generic male doll in 1920. A short time after its literary debut in 1920, Raggedy Andy appeared as a commercially made doll, marketed by Volland.

Following the success of the first Raggedy Ann book, Gruelle continued to author and illustrate at least one Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy story each year until his death in 1938.

In his later years Gruelle collaborated with his son, Worth, on illustrations for some of his later books such as Raggedy Ann and the Golden Meadow (1935) and on a series of illustrated Raggedy Ann proverbs that were syndicated in newspapers. By 1938, the year that Johnny Gruelle died, his first Raggedy Ann book had sold more than 3 million copies.

Raggedy Ann doll sales were also growing. The P. F. Volland Company's initial order of 24 dozen dolls from the Non-Breakable Toy Company, the doll's early manufacturer, increased to about 3,200 dolls within the first eight months of production. With its growing popularity, Gruelle gave Volland the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell the dolls as long as it remained the exclusive publisher of his books.

Legacy

By the end of the 1940s, sales of Raggedy Ann-related books exceeded 7 million copies. Bobbs-Merrill eventually became part of Macmillan Inc. and later Simon & Schuster, while Hasbro acquired Knickerbocker Toys. As such, Hasbro holds the trademark for the Raggedy Ann stuffed doll, while all other trademarks are claimed by Simon & Schuster, at present a subsidiary of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. The original for the 1915 doll design, as well as the Raggedy Ann Stories (1918) and Raggedy Andy Stories (1920) books, are in the public domain.

The Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls and their related memorabilia have become sought-after collector's items. In addition to the dolls and books, other related items continue to be produced including adaptations of the stories into comic books, audio recordings, animated films, and television and theatrical productions.

Honors and tributes

The Raggedy Ann doll was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in Rochester, New York, on March 27, 2002. Raggedy Andy was inducted 5 years later on November 8, 2007.

Other adaptations

Many subsequent adaptations of the Raggedy Ann and Andy books have been published, in addition to the characters appearing in other media formats.

Animated feature films and shorts

  • Fleischer Studios/Famous Studios shorts:
    • Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy (1941)
    • Suddenly It's Spring (1944)
    • The Enchanted Square (1947)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977)
  • Snowden: Raggedy Ann & Andy's Adventure (1998)

Theatre and stage

  • Raggedy Ann and Andy (1981)
  • Raggedy Ann: The Musical Adventure (1986)

Television

  • Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Great Santa Claus Caper (1978)
  • Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Pumpkin Who Couldn't Smile (1979)
  • The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy (1988–1990)
  • Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Camel with the Wrinkled Knees (1988)
  • The Snowden, Raggedy Ann and Andy Holiday Show (1998)

Audio recordings

  • Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs (1931 and 1946)
  • Raggedy Ann's Songs of Happiness (1934)
  • Songs of Raggedy Ann and Andy (1948)
  • Johnny Gruelle's Raggedy Ann Songs and Stories (ca. 1960s)
  • Hallmark "Read-Along Story Records" (1974)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure (1977)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: Birthday Party (1980)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: Pop Concert (1980)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy's Alphabet & Numbers (1980)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy's Dance Party (1980)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy's Merry Adventures (1980)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: Bend and Stretch (1981)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: Christmas Party (1981)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: Happiness Album (1981)
  • Raggedy Ann & Andy: Telling Time is Fun (1981)
  • A Raggedy Ann Songbook (1996)

Comic books

  • Dell Publishing featured Raggedy Ann-related stories in a series of comic books.
    • New Funnies (volume 1)
    • Animal Comics
    • Four Color Comics
    • Raggedy Ann + Raggedy Andy (1946–1949)
    • Raggedy Ann + Andy (1948)
    • Raggedy Ann and Andy (1955)
    • Raggedy Ann and Andy (1964–1966)

Doll manufacturers

A Raggedy Ann 100-year edition doll
  • P. F. Volland Company (1920-1934)
  • Beers, Keelier, and Bowman (early manufacturer of Raggedy Andy dolls)
  • Exposition Doll and Toy Company (1935-mid 1935)
  • Molly-'Es Doll Outfitters (without permission) (1935-1937)
  • Georgene Novelties (1938-1962)
  • Knickerbocker Toy Co. (1963-1982)
  • Applause Toy Company/Russ Berrie (1983-2011)
  • Hasbro/Playskool (1983–present), master license
  • Aurora World Inc. (2012–present (exclusive plush doll license)
Applause

Doll production

Although the female members of Gruelle's family may have originally handmade a few of the versions of the Raggedy Ann doll in Norwalk, Connecticut, to help market the related books, Gruelle soon established a merchandising agreement with P. F. Volland Company, the primary publisher of his books, to manufacture, sell, and promote a mass-produced, commercial version of the Raggedy Ann doll.

Between 1918 and 1926, the Non-Breakable Toy Company of Muskegon, Michigan, made more than 75,000 dolls for Volland. By the late 1920s, Volland's orders for Raggedy Ann dolls from its manufacturer had reached 4,000 per month.

In 1935, Gruelle granted permission to the Exposition Doll and Toy Manufacturing Company to manufacture and sell authorized versions of the Raggedy Ann and Andy dolls. From 1935 until 1937, Molly-'Es Doll Outfitters manufactured and sold unauthorized versions of the Raggedy Ann and Andy dolls until a legal decision handed down in Gruelle v (Mollye) Goldman prohibited Molly-'Es Dolls from further manufacturing and sales of the dolls.

Sewing patterns for homemade dolls

  • McCall's pattern
    • 1940 McCall's pattern #820, first appeared for a 19-in. dolls, Raggedy Ann doll comes with cape pattern
    • ca. 1945 McCall's pattern #914, Raggedy Ann Awake/Asleep dolls plus camel with the wrinkled knees
    • 1958 McCall's pattern #820, appeared with a slightly modified pattern for both dolls
    • 1963 McCall's pattern #6941, Raggedy Ann pattern has lost her cape, dolls now come in three sizes
    • 1970 McCall's pattern #2531, dolls come in three sizes, with a simplified pattern and different hair and face embroidery pattern, loss of button eyes
    • 1977 McCall's pattern #5713, identical to previous #2531 pattern, different cover
    • ca. 1980 new McCall's pattern # 7131, 36-in. dolls plus apron a child can wear
    • 1982 McCall's pattern #8077, a re-issue of previous patterns, new cover, dolls with different hair color
  • Late 1990s, Simplicity Patterns released a licensed doll pattern for a different design doll in four sizes.
  • 2015 saw another Simplicity pattern (Pattern number 8043) for 3 different sized dolls of both Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy. 15",26"and 36" are available. This pattern was called the Classic Raggedy Ann & Andy and copyrighted by Simon & Schuster.

Public collections

Gruelle's hometown of Arcola, Illinois, is the former home of the annual Raggedy Ann and Andy Festival and the Raggedy Ann and Andy Museum. The museum was closed and the festival discontinued in 2009. Some of the museum's contents were donated to Strong National Museum of Play. Other aspects of the collection were moved to the Rockome Gardens theme park in Arcola.

Notes

References

References

  1. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1986/08/24/its-raggedytime/e6b16ead-82c7-4406-a7dd-bf8e65a1782c/ ''The Washington Post'']
  2. Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly. (February 23, 2019). "Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory". University of Michigan Press.
  3. Patricia Hall. (Fall 1990). "A Child At Heart: The Fanciful World of Johnny Gruelle". Indiana Historical Society.
  4. Patricia Hall. (1999). "Raggedy Ann and Andy: History and Legend". Raggedy-Ann.com.
  5. Patricia Hall. (1993). "Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy". [[Pelican Publishing]].
  6. Oshinsky, David. (February 20, 2015). "The Return of the Vaccine Wars". [[The Wall Street Journal]].
  7. Yaël Ksander. (April 11, 2011). "Raggedy Ann's Hoosier Pedigree". Indiana Public Media/[[Indiana University]].
  8. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 105.
  9. Patricia Hall. (1999). "Johnny Gruelle Inspired Illustrator". Raggedy-Ann.com.
  10. Mary Q. Burnet. (1921). "Art and Artists of Indiana". The Century Company.
  11. "Raggedy History". [[Simon & Schuster]].
  12. Hall, "A Child At Heart," pp. 10–11.
  13. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 118.
  14. Jacob Osborn, Peter Richman. (5 December 2022). "Top holiday toys from the year you were born". Top holiday toys from the year you were born.
  15. (November 16, 1987). "New Raggedy Ann Causing a Stir : It's an Open-and-Shut Case for the Creators' Family". Los Angeles Times.
  16. Wayne Homren. (December 16, 2007). "William H. Woodin's Political Journey and Musical Talent". Coinbooks.org.
  17. Hall, "A Child At Heart," pp. 11–12.
  18. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 170.
  19. R. E. Banta. (1949). "Indiana Authors and Their Books, 1816–1916: Biographical sketches of authors who published during the first century of Indiana statehood, with lists of their books". Wabash College.
  20. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 169–70, 172–74.
  21. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 184–85. See also: Hall, "A Child At Heart," pp. 10–11.
  22. The Indianapolis-based [[Bobbs-Merrill Company]] became the authorized publisher and licensor for Raggedy Ann-related literary works in 1962, and the Knickerbocker Toy Company began manufacturing the Raggedy Ann and Andy dolls in the early 1960s.Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 187–88.
  23. "Points of Articulation: Researching Toys of the Past".
  24. "Raggedy Ann trademarks".
  25. (2015). "Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State". Indiana Historical Society Press.
  26. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 190–91. See also: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', pp. 158–80.
  27. (March 27, 2002). "Inducted Toys: by Year Inducted List". [[United Media]].
  28. Patricia Hall. (2000). "Raggedy Ann and More: Johnny Gruelle's Dolls and Merchandise". Pelican Publishing Company.
  29. Banta, p. 126.
  30. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 145.
  31. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 200.
  32. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 148, 156, 200.
  33. A reprint of Gruelle's early work, ''My Very Own Fairy Stories'' (1917). See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 88.
  34. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 153, 200.
  35. Lyrics and illustrations by Johnny Gruelle, music by Will Woodin. See Banta, p. 126.
  36. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 201.
  37. Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 131.
  38. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 165.
  39. Lyrics and illustrations by Johnny Gruelle, music by Charles Miller. See Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 201.
  40. Written by Johnny Gruelle, illustrated by Justine Gruelle and/or Worth Gruelle. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 136. Also: Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 201.
  41. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Justin C. Gruelle. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 37.
  42. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Justin Gruelle. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 139.
  43. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Worth Gruelle. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 142.
  44. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Justin Gruelle. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 143.
  45. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Justin Gruelle. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 147.
  46. ”Saalfield Treasure Book” series, Saalfield Publishing Company; written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Ethel Hays. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 149.
  47. “The Wonder Books” series, published by Grosset and Dunlap; written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Tom Sinnickson. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 150.
  48. "The Wonder Books" series, published by Grosset and Dunlap; written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by George and Irma Wilde. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 150.
  49. “The Wonder Books” series, published by Grosset and Dunlap; written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Rachael Taft Dixon. See Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 151.
  50. "The Wonder Books" series, published by Grosset and Dunlap; written by Johnny Gruelle. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 150.
  51. “The Wonder Books” series, published by Grosset and Dunlap; written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Tom Sinnickson. See Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 151.
  52. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by Worth Gruelle with the assistance of Joni Gruelle (Worth Gruelle’s daughter) See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 136.
  53. Written by Johnny Gruelle; illustrated by John E. Hopper. See Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 201–02.
  54. Unattributed text; based on Gruelle’s book, ''The Paper Dragon''; animations by Julian Wehr. See: Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 146.
  55. Written by Marjory Schwalje; illustrated by Becky Krehbile. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 172.
  56. Written by Marjory Schwalje; illustrated by June Goldsborough. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 172.
  57. Written by Nika Hazelton; illustrated by Johnny Gruelle, Worth Gruelle, and Justin Gruelle. See Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', p. 154.
  58. Written by Doris Thorner Salzberg; illustrated by Johnny Gruelle, Worth Gruelle, Justin Gruelle, and others. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 155.
  59. Written by Lydia Encinas; illustrated by Johnny Gruelle, Worth Gruelle, John Hopper, and others. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 155.
  60. (2010-02-10). "Sunny bunny comes home". Lynx Books.
  61. (2010-06-01). "Sam Lamb moves away". Lynx Books.
  62. (2012-03-29). "Raggedy Dog to the rescue". Lynx Books.
  63. (2019-05-16). "Babette's scary night". Lynx Books.
  64. (2019-11-08). "Raggedy Ann & Andy's : a very close call". Macmillan, Incorporated.
  65. (2010-05-06). "Raggedy Dog's bone: raggedy ann & andy's grown-and-learn library volume 10". Lynx Books.
  66. (2019-12-15). "Play Ball!". Lynx Books.
  67. (2019-11-28). "Raggedy Andy's perfect party". Lynx Books.
  68. (2012-12-28). "Bubbles goes to the fair". Lynx Books.
  69. (2010-05-03). "Tim's big adventure". Lynx Books.
  70. (2020-11-06). "A parents' guide to Raggedy Ann & Andy's grow-and-learn library". Lynx Books.
  71. Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 179.
  72. John Cannemaker. (August 27, 2012). "Thérèse "Tissa" David (1921–2012): Her Animating Spirit". [[The Wall Street Journal]].
  73. (August 27, 2012). "Master animator Tissa David dies at 91, She was one of first women in male-dominated field". [[Variety (magazine).
  74. "Snowden: Raggedy Ann & Andy's Adventure Cartoon Video VHS from Target".
  75. "Dramatic Publishing – Raggedy Ann & Andy".
  76. (June 19, 2013). "''Raggedy Ann: The Musical Adventure''". [[Internet Broadway Database]] ([[The Broadway League]].
  77. A [[Christmas television special]] directed by [[Chuck Jones]]. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 179.
  78. A [[List of Halloween television specials. Halloween television special]], also directed by [[Chuck Jones]]. See Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 179.
  79. An [[animated television series]]{{citation needed. (October 2018)
  80. An episode of the animated anthology series ''[[CBS Storybreak]]''{{citation needed. (October 2018)
  81. (November 19, 2023). "The Snowden, Raggedy Ann and Andy Holiday Show".
  82. Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', pp. 177–78.
  83. (1980). "Discogs".
  84. (1980). "Discogs".
  85. (1980). "Discogs".
  86. (1980). "Discogs".
  87. (1980). "Discogs".
  88. "Discogs".
  89. (1981). "Discogs".
  90. (1981). "Discogs".
  91. (1981). "Discogs".
  92. Hall, ''Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle'', p. 176.
  93. The Non-Breakable Toy Company was an early manufacturer of the dolls for Volland.
  94. Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 172–74.
  95. (February 9, 2012). "Hasbro Signs Raggedy Ann Partner". Advanstar Communications.
  96. When Volland ceased operations during the [[Great Depression]], it had already sold more than 150,000 dolls and nearly 2 million Raggedy Ann books.Hall, ''Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy'', pp. 164–65.
  97. "Gruelle v. Molly-'Es Doll Outfitters, 94 F.2d 172 (3d Cir. 1937)". Justia Law.
  98. McCall's has continued to produce identical #2531 patterns with only a change in cover design.
  99. (July 2016). "Children's book character and doll, Raggedy-Ann, is depicted in a...".
  100. Brittle, Gerald. (September 13, 2002). "The Demonologist: The Extraordinary Career of Ed and Lorraine Warren". iUniverse.
  101. (June 28, 2023). "Finally revealing another member of our main cast who's NOT INSPIRED BY ANYTHING. ESPECIALLY NOT A WEIRD MOVIE FROM THE 70s THAT I HAVE AN UNHEALTHY OBSESSION WITH.".
  102. Steve Schmadeke. (August 31, 2009). "Raggedy Ann & Andy Museum's closing a sign of times". The Strong National Museum of Play.
  103. Tom C. Doran. (September 2, 2014). "Early agriculture displayed among unique rock gardens". AgriNews.
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