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Protothecosis

Field	Value
name	Protothecosis
image	Prototheca zopfii.jpg
caption	Histologic stain of a Prototheca zopfii infection in a dog

Protothecosis, otherwise known as Algaemia, is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green alga known as Prototheca that lacks chlorophyll and enters the human or animal bloodstream. It and its close relative Helicosporidium are unusual in that they are actually green algae that have become parasites. The two most common species are Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii. Both are known to cause disease in dogs, while most human cases are caused by P. wickerhami. Prototheca is found worldwide in sewage and soil. Infection is rare despite high exposure, and may be related to a defective immune system. In dogs, female Collies are most commonly affected.

The first human case was identified in 1964 in Sierra Leone.

Cause

Photomicrograph of Prototheca wickerhamii infection in a human. Note the floret-like arrangements. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Photomicrograph of Prototheca wickerhamii infection in a human. Note the floret-like arrangements. Gomori methenamine silver(GMS) stain.

Photomicrograph of Prototheca wickerhamii infection in a human. Note the floret-like arrangements. Periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stain.

Prototheca has been thought to be a mutant of Chlorella, a type of single-celled green alga. However, while Chlorella contains galactose and galactosamine in the cell wall, Prototheca lacks these. Also, Chlorella obtains its energy through photosynthesis, while Prototheca is saprotrophic, feeding on dead and decaying organic matter. When Prototheca was first isolated from slime flux of trees in 1894, it was thought to be a type of fungus. Its size varies from 2 to 15 micrometres.

Treatment

Treatment with amphotericin B has been reported.

In cattle

Cattle can be affected by protothecal enteritis and mastitis. Protothecal mastitis occurs worldwide, although most cases of have been reported from Germany, the United States, and Brazil.

In dogs

Disseminated protothecosis is most commonly seen in dogs. The algae enters the body through the mouth or nose and causes infection in the intestines. From there it can spread to the eye, brain, and kidneys. Symptoms can include diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, inflammation of the eye (uveitis), retinal detachment, ataxia, and seizures.

Dogs with acute blindness and diarrhea that develop exudative retinal detachment should be assessed for protothecosis. Diagnosis is through culture or finding the organism in a biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humour, or urine. Treatment of the disseminated form in dogs is very difficult, although use of antifungal medication has been successful in a few cases. Prognosis for cutaneous protothecosis is guarded and depends on the surgical options. Prognosis for the disseminated form is grave. This may be due to delayed recognition and treatment.

References

(2002). "Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp as a green alga (Chlorophyta)". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.
(2004). "Protothecosis". Med Mycol.
(2004). "A case report of canine protothecosis". J Vet Med Sci.
(1995). "Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine". W.B. Saunders Company.
(2004). "Disseminated infection with Prototheca zopfii after unrelated stem cell transplantation for leukemia". J. Clin. Microbiol..
Hollingsworth S. (2000). "Canine protothecosis". Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.
(1975). "Wound infection by Prototheca wickerhamii, a saprophytic alga pathogenic for man". J Clin Microbiol.
(1997). "Algaemia due to Prototheca wickerhamii in a patient with myasthenia gravis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
(2005). "Protothecal enteritis as a cause of protein-losing enteropathy in a bull". J Am Vet Med Assoc.
(2003). "Longitudinal analysis of Prototheca zopfii-specific immune responses: correlation with disease progression and carriage in dairy cows". J Clin Microbiol.
Gionfriddo, Juliet R.. (March 2007). "An unusual cause of blindness in a Siberian husky". Veterinary Medicine.

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