Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia

Genetics

A mutation in the KDSR gene has been reported to be associated with this condition. This gene encodes 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, an enzyme in the ceramide synthesis pathway. The authors also reported that the use of systemic isotretinoin resulted in almost complete resolution of the lesions in two cases.

Two other reports suggest that isotretinoin may be of use.

Mechanism

Skin plaques start to appear as reddened areas of inflammation, thus often leading to the mistaken diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis. Following inflammation, the red areas start keratinization, eventually forming the definitive plaques that appear brownish, dry and scaled. Following quite a precise temporal pattern of evolution, the keratinized plaques last for weeks or months, eventually leading to periods of desquamation that leads to the uncovering of "normal" skin. Then, a new cycle usually begins, leaving a variable number of days of delay between the cycles.

Though environmental causes are not well understood, it seems clear that factors like sun exposure, wind and air conditioning add to the degree of skin inflammation that sets the start of a new cycle.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

This includes erythrokeratodermia variabilis and loricrin keratoderma

Treatment

Definitive treatment does not exist at the moment. Palliative treatment are intended to alleviate the itching that often accompanies the skin inflammation and to moisture the dry skin to prevent excessive dryness and scaling of the plaques.

History

This condition was described by Darier in 1911. It was given its present name by Grotton in 1923.

References

References

1. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. {{ISBN. 0-7216-2921-0.
2. Kan; Chung-Hong, Hu; Woan-Ruoh, Lee (2003). ''Shu-Feng' Progressive Symmetric Erythrokeratodermia - A case report''. Dermatol Sinica, June 2003.
3. Boyden LM, Vincent NG, Zhou J, Hu R, Craiglow BG, Bayliss SJ, Rosman IS, Lucky AW, Diaz LA, Goldsmith LA, Paller AS, Lifton RP, [[Susan J. Baserga. Baserga SJ]], Choate KA (2017) Mutations in KDSR cause recessive progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma. Am J Hum Genet 100 (6) 978-984. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.003
4. de Mello Guaraldi B, Jerez Jaime T, de Mello Guaraldi R, Fernandes Melo D, Maris Nogueira O, Rodrigues N (2013) Progressive symmetrical erythrokeratodermia - case report. An Bras Dermatol 88 (1) 109–112. doi:10.1590/S0365-05962013000100016
5. Yan H-B, Zhang J, Liang W, Zhang H-Y, Liu J-Y (2011) Progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma: Report of a Chinese family. 77 (5) 597-60