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Procerus muscle

Small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein

Field	Value
Name	Procerus muscle
Latin	musculus procerus, pyramidalis nasi, depressor glabellae
Image	Procerus.png
Caption	Muscles of the head, face, and neck (Procerus visible at upper left, at top of nose)
Origin	From fascia over the lower part of the nasal bone
Insertion	Into the skin of the lower part of the forehead between the eyebrows
Blood	Facial artery
Nerve	Temporal branch of the facial nerve
Action	Draws down the medial angle of the eyebrow giving expressions of frowning

The procerus muscle (or pyramidalis nasi) is a small pyramidal muscle in the glabella. It is involved in facial expressions such as frowning and those associated with attentional control, and it indirectly helps shield the eyes from bright light. Because it contributes to wrinkle formation on the nasal bridge, it is often targeted in non-surgical facial rejuvenation treatments, such as botulinum toxin injections. Procerus is Latin, meaning tall or extended.

Structure

The procerus muscle arises by tendinous fibers from the fascia covering the lower part of the nasal bone and upper part of the lateral nasal cartilage. It is inserted into the skin over the lower part of the forehead between the two eyebrows on either side of the midline, its fibers merging with those of the frontalis muscle.

Nerve supply

The procerus muscle is supplied by the temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII). It may also be supplied by other branches of the facial nerve, which can be varied, including the lower zygomatic branches. A supply from its buccal branch has also been described. Its contraction can produce transverse wrinkles.

Function

The procerus muscle helps to pull that part of the skin between the eyebrows downwards, which assists in flaring the nostrils. It can also contribute to an expression of anger.

Clinical significance

Procerus sign

Main article: procerus sign

Dystonia of the procerus muscle is involved in the procerus sign, which is indicative of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).

Denervation

The procerus muscle may be denervated to reduce furrow lines around the glabella caused by frowning. This may be for cosmetic purposes. Surgery can be used to transect the temporal branch of the facial nerve, although other branches of the facial nerve may also need to be cut.

Additional images

File:Procerus muscle animation small.gif|Procerus muscle (red).

References

Hopkins, Claire. (2016). "Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice". [[Elsevier]].
"eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from [[Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD]] 2009
(April 2006). "Angular nerve: New insights on innervation of the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery.
"Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses" CHAPTER 32. Gray's Anatomy
(November 2010). "Vertical wrinkling of the forehead or Procerus sign in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

muscles-of-the-head-and-neck human-head-and-neck facial-muscles

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