Prince of Achaea

List of princes of Achaea, 1205–1432/54

Champlitte dynasty (1205–1209)

After a brief tenure as prince, William I received news that his brother Louis in Burgundy had died and decided to return home to France to claim the family lands. To govern the principality of Achaea, he left his old friend Geoffrey of Villehardouin as bailiff. William I died on his journey home in 1209. Champlitte had stipulated before his journey home that any lawful heir of his would have to claim the principality within a year and a day in the event of his death, or their claims would be forfeit. After his death, news reached Villehardouin that a cousin of William, Robert of Champlitte, was on his way to claim the principality. Wishing to claim the principality for himself, Villehardouin, with the assistance of Venice, placed various obstacles in Robert's way, including ensuring that he had to wait in Venice for two months before embarking, and once Robert reached Achaea, the time window stipulated by William had passed. Having obtained the principality through legal quibbles and fraud, Villehardouin was then proclaimed as the new Prince of Achaea.

Villehardouin dynasty (1210–1278)

Angevin domination (1278–1396)

House of Anjou (1278–1289)

Houses of Villehardouin, Avesnes and Savoy (1289–1307)

In 1307, Charles II revoked the position of Isabella and Philip I, on the grounds that their marriage having happened without his consent (despite having recognized Philip earlier) and Philip's refusal to assist Charles II in the king's campaigns against the Despotate of Epirus. Isabella and Florent had been granted the principality in 1289 on the condition that Isabella did not remarry without Charles II's consent in the event of Florent's death and Philip's refusal to aid Charles II constituted a gross breach of the feudal code. Isabella's eldest daughter, Matilda of Hainaut, may have unsuccessfully attempted to claim the principality in the immediate aftermath of her parents' deposition but was blocked from doing so by the local nobility, who awaited orders from Naples. Instead of seizing Achaea for himself once more, Charles bestowed it on his favorite son, Philip of Taranto, who soon after arrived in Achaea and received the allegiance of the local barons. To ensure that Isabella and Philip did not attempt to reclaim Achaea, their claims were also purchased and the couple were promised to County of Alba on the shores of the Fucine Lake as compensation.

House of Anjou (1307–1313)

In 1313, Philip II married Catherine of Valois, the titular Latin Empress, who had up until their marriage arrangements been betrothed to Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy. In order to compensate the House of Burgundy, it was arranged that Louis of Burgundy, Hugh V's younger brother, would marry Matilda of Hainaut, the eldest daughter of Isabella of Villehardouin, and that the two would then be granted the Principality of Achaea. After marriage, however, Louis and Matilda delayed in travelling to Greece and in the meantime, the usurper Ferdinand of Majorca seized control of the principality.

House of Barcelona (1315–1316)

Houses of Avesnes and Bourbon (1316–1321)

After she was widowed in 1316, King Robert of Naples ruled that Matilda should marry his younger brother, John of Gravina, as part of a scheme to once more return the principality to the House of Anjou. Matilda however refused, and there was also protest from Odo IV of Burgundy, the brother and designated heir of Louis. Matilda was however brought to Naples by force and in 1318 compelled to go through with the marriage ceremony to John. Still defiant, the princess was brought before Pope John XXII at Avignon and there ordered to obey. Even when forced to marry by the pope, Matilda refused and replied that she had already married the Burgundian knight Hugh de La Palice, whom she was very attached to. This secret marriage gave Robert the excuse to revoke her position as Princess of Achaea, as she had not been allowed to marry without his consent per the agreements that preceded her elevation to the position. After a brief forced marriage to John, Matilda was imprisoned and the principality was simply bestowed upon John directly.

House of Anjou (1318–1381)

House of Baux (1381–1383)

Interregnum (1383–1396)

James of Baux died childless in 1383, which left his hired army, the Navarrese Company, as the sole authority in Achaea and putting the Angevin rule to end. The commanders of the Navarrese Company, Mahiot de Coquerel (until 1386) and Peter of San Superano (after 1386) kept up the pretense that they were representatives of the Kings of Naples, the closest and strongest of the possible claimants to the principality, but they were for all intents and purposes rulers of an independent realm.

In addition to the nominal princes listed above, there were also numerous other rival claimants that rose during this time:

• Louis I of Anjou – designated heir of James of Baux and heir of Joanna of Naples.
  • Marie of Blois, Duchess of Anjou – widow and designated heir of Louis I of Anjou as regent for Louis II of Anjou. Eventually sold her claim to Juan Fernández de Heredia of the Knights Hospitaller
• Louis II, Duke of Bourbon – nephew and designated heir of Maria I of Bourbon (who ruled as princess 1364–1370).
• Amadeo of Savoy – grandson of Philip I of Savoy (who ruled as prince 1300–1307).
  • Louis of Piedmont – brother and heir of Amadeo of Savoy.
• Juan Fernández de Heredia, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller – sought to regain the principality for the Knights Hospitaller, eventually succeeded in purchasing the claims of Marie of Blois, though the sale was contested by Amadeo of Savoy and Antipope Clement VII annulled it.

Navarrese-Genoese dynasty (1396–1432/54)

Timeline

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from: 1205 till: 1209 color:s text:Champlitte from: 1209 till: 1278 color:h text:Villehardouin from: 1278 till: 1289 color:sx text:Anjou from: 1289 till: 1307 color:h text:Villehardouin from: 1307 till: 1315 color:sx text:Anjou from: 1315 till: 1316 color:w text: from: 1316 till: 1318 color:av text: from: 1318 till: 1381 color:sx text:Anjou from: 1381 till: 1383 color:ba text: from: 1383 till: 1396 color:sx text:Anjou from: 1396 till: 1402 color:or text:Navarrese from: 1402 till: 1432 color:zac text:Zaccaria from: 1432 till: 1453 color:na text: from: 1453 till: end color:zac text:Zaccaria

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from: 1205 till: 1209 color:s text:"William I" from: 1210 till: 1229 color:h text:"Geoffrey I" from: 1229 till: 1246 color:h text:"Geoffrey II" from: 1246 till: 1278 color:h text:"William II" from: 1278 till: 1285 color:sx text:"Charles I" from: 1285 till: 1289 color:sx text:"Charles II" from: 1289 till: 1307 color:h text:"Isabella" from: 1289 till: 1297 color:n text:"Florent" from: 1300 till: 1307 color:n text:"Philip I" from: 1307 till: 1313 color:sx text:"Philip II" from: 1315 till: 1316 color:w text:"Ferdinand" from: 1316 till: 1318 color:av text:"Matilda" from: 1316 till: 1316 color:n text:"Louis" from: 1318 till: 1333 color:sx text:"John" from: 1333 till: 1346 color:n text:"Catherine" from: 1333 till: 1364 color:sx text:"Robert" from: 1364 till: 1370 color:n text:"Maria I" from: 1364 till: 1370 color:n text:"Hugh" from: 1364 till: 1373 color:sx text:"Philip III" from: 1373 till: 1381 color:sx text:"Joanna" from: 1376 till: 1381 color:n text:"Otto" from: 1380 till: 1383 color:ba text:"James" from: 1383 till: 1386 color:sx text:"Charles III" from: 1386 till: 1396 color:sx text:"Ladislaus" from: 1396 till: 1402 color:or text:"Peter" from: 1402 till: 1404 color:zac text:"Maria II" from: 1404 till: 1432 color:zac text:"Centurione II" from: 1453 till: end color:zac text:"Centurione III"

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Later claimants

Upon the death of Centurione Zaccaria in 1432, his territories were forcefully inherited by Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, who had married a daughter of Centurione, Catherine Zaccaria. Although Thomas thus ruled portions of the Peloponnese, including all of Centurione's former territory, and had inherited the title through his marriage with Catherine, he never used it. Though he did not use or acknowledge the title, his brother-in-law, John Asen Zaccaria, successfully reclaimed his patrimonial inheritance and achieved international recognition as Prince of Achaea.

Some modern historians consider Thomas Palaiologos to have been the Prince of Achaea from 1432 to 1460, though that is a modern historiographical designation for him.

The line of John Asen Zaccaria

In 1453, John Asen Zaccaria, the son of Centurione from his marriage with a woman of the Palaiologos Asen clan, reclaimed his father's title and declared war against Thomas and his brother Demetrios. Unlike Thomas, John was confirmed as a legitimate Prince by the King of Naples Alfonso, and also by Venice. The recognition by Naples was a gesture of great significance due to the Crown of Naples being the suzerain of the Principality of Achaea since the Treaty of Viterbo that was signed in 1267 between Charles I of Anjou and William II of Villehardouin and the only legitimate force with the power to appoint Princes. It was also Naples and King Ladislaus that had also confirmed Centurione II, father of John, as Prince on 1404 and deprived Maria Zaccaria of her power as reigning princess. However, Thomas and his Turkish allies were victorious and John sought shelter in Venetian Modon and later in Italy. There he continued to be regarded as the legitimate Prince of Achaea by the Papacy. The Popes offered to John -"domino Johanni Zaccarie olim Amoree principi"- a symbolic pension of twenty florins a month. Zaccaria was also recognised as titular Prince of Morea by the city of Genoa, where he offered a precious reliquary, the so-called Zaccaria Cross that presumably contained pieces of the True Cross belonging to St John the Evangelist.

Imposter Pretenders

Some impostor pretenders to Byzantine descent historically claimed the position. From the late 15th century to 1530, the Albanian exile Constantine Arianiti claimed the title "Duke of Achaea", among others. Later in the 16th century, the title might have been claimed by Giovanni Demetrio Angeli (1499–1571), part of the Angelo Flavio Comneno family, which claimed descent from the Byzantine Angelos dynasty.

The Tocco claims 1642–1933

On 4 November 1642, Philip IV of Spain confirmed through a royal diploma the right of Antonio di Tocco to style himself as the titular Prince of Achaea.This title was of the same styling, but not to be confused with the original sovereign princely title, was created almost two centuries later to honour the descent of Antonio di Tocco.

The Tocco were descended from Thomas and Catherine's eldest daughter, Helena Palaiologina, and her middle daughter, Milica Branković. Since Antonio was a descendant from a female line, twice broken, and several other reasons, he did not have a legal claim to the original title. Though in the aforementioned year of 1642, he successfully petitioned the King of Spain to exchange his patrimonial titles for a titular honour in the same styling of Prince of Achaea within the Neapolitan nobility. This titular honour was carried on with a sequence of titular princes that began with Antonio di Tocco and lasted until the death of his descendant Maria Maddalena Capece Galeota in 1933, whereafter the Neapolitan title became extinct.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Web sources

References

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12. Stornaiolo Silva, Ugo Stefano. (2024). "Achaean Disputes: Eight Centuries of Succession Conflicts for the Title of Prince of Achaea".
13. Stornaiolo Silva, Ugo Stefano. (2024). "Achaean Disputes: Eight Centuries of Succession Conflicts for the Title of Prince of Achaea".
14. Stornaiolo Silva, Ugo Stefano. (2024). "Achaean Disputes: Eight Centuries of Succession Conflicts for the Title of Prince of Achaea".