Primacy of the Spains

Primacy of Braga

The Archbishop of Braga has claimed the title of Primate of the Spains () both for being the oldest diocese on the Iberian Peninsula and for its role in the christianization of the Suebi Kingdom. Bishop Balconius (440-446) was the first to claim the title after being elevated to Archbishop for converting King Rechiar. For the newly created Kingdom of Portugal, Braga, capital of the former Kingdom of the Suebi and of the County of Portucale (that more immediately preceded the Kingdom) was the biggest religious site and fundamentally resisted by its jurisdiction over the dioceses of Coimbra and Zamora. Bishops such as João Peculiar and Estêvão Soares da Silva protest before the Pope, and Honorius III left the matter unresolved (papal bulls of January 19, 1218).

In 1364, the bishop of Braga João de Cardaillac decided to bear the title of Primate of the Spains. The prelation conflicts that took place during the Council of Trent (with Bishop Friar Bartolomeu dos Martyrs) produced a papal resolution to take into account the date of elevation of each bishop, with only protocolary consequences. In the brief «Reddite nobis» (January 10, 1562) he insists the maintenance of the traditional rights of Braga.

However, during the 14th century, the dioceses of Galicia and Leon ceased giving precedence to the Archbishop-Primate of Braga.

Despite this, the Archbishop-Primate of Braga still holds rank above all other archbishops in Portugal, except for the Patriarch of Lisbon ever since the latter was created in 1716.

Primacy of Toledo

Originally, after the provincial division by Diocletian in the 3rd century, the city of Toletum (now Toledo) was within the Roman province of Carthaginensis, whose capital was Carthago Nova (now Cartagena). Hispania's division into ecclesiastical dioceses was based on the Roman provincial divisions, so that the episcopal seat at Toledo was originally a dependent of the seat at Cartagena.

The problem arose in the mid 6th century when the Byzantine emperor Justinian seized control of an important strip of Hispania, including diocesan seats as important as Cartagena (renamed Carthago Spartaria by Justinian), Corduba, Begastri and Illici. The metropolitan seat and provincial capital were in the territory occupied by the Byzantines and so, shortly after taking the throne, the Visigoth king Gundemar promoted the holding of a synod in Toledo. That synod agreed that Toledo was the metropolitan of the whole province, seizing that title from the episcopal seat at Cartagena - that agreement was then endorsed by the king in a decree of 23 October 610.

The Islamic invasion in 711 left Toledo as a city under Islamic rule for the next 350 years, first way away from the frontier by the geographic boulder of the Duero river in the northern high plains, and later by the Central Sierras, as the frontier itself Taifa realm for another 80 years where contacts with the Christian kingdoms north would resume closer. That position left the See under Islamic suzerainty, tolerated as a heretic church of Allah but subject as Dhimmi or client as Jews were too, what would make it be respected but seen by Christian kings and their bishops with suspicion on its policies, influenced by the policies of Cordoba. After the re-conquest Toledo was held or contested by the Kingdom of Castille and the Kingdom of León and sometimes as Infantazgo by semi-independent queens of the royal house. During the Reconquista, the alliance between the monarchs and the church concentrated on the distinct privileges that one offered the other. Soon after Alfonso VI's conquest of Toledo, the pope issued the bulla Cunctis Sanctorum in 1088/1089, recognising the holders of the diocese of Toledo as "primates" and "metropolitans" as they had been during the Visigothic era, and dubiously and unofficially under Islamic rule. La especial dignidad que se ofrece a Toledo viene a confirmar la alianza europeísta que se establece entre la casa Jimena (de origen navarro) a la que pertenece Alfonso VI, la francesa de Borgoña (enlazada matrimonialmente, de modo que heredará los reinos de Portugal y Castilla) y el papado, mediando sus principales agentes: los benedictinos de la orden de Cluny (a la que pertenece el obispo, también francés), especialmente interesada en mantener su presencia por todo el eje del camino de Santiago (en un momento en que hay otro ojo estratégico puesto en Jerusalén con la Cruzada). Queda desplazado el clero toledano mozárabe, que hasta entonces mantenía el prestigio sobre todos los cristianos peninsulares aun estando sometido al Emir o al Califa (cuestión discutida desde Alfonso III de Asturias, teniendo su momento álgido en el enfrentamiento de Beato de Liébana al adopcionismo o herejía adopcionista toledana, que posiblemente era un intento de transacción con el monoteísmo estricto islámico y un vago recuerdo del arrianismo visigodo). El estilo prerrománico y mozárabe queda superado por el estilo internacional, románico, de las iglesias de peregrinación, que repiten modelos franceses (San Sernin de Toulouse) o los propios monasterios dependientes de Cluny. Muchas propiedades de las familias mozárabes terminarán siendo absorbidas como mandas testamentarias, dotes e incluso transacciones por la diócesis toledana, que termina consolidando una gigantesca cantidad de propiedades que constituyen la llamada Mesa arzobispal de Toledo.

Estos privilegios le permitieron a la Dives toledana administrar un gran patrimonio y obtener cuantiosas rentas, que aún aumentaron más su poder religioso y civil. Así, abarcaba el mayor espacio de gobierno de toda la península, que alcanzaba las actuales provincias de Toledo, Ciudad Real, Madrid y una parte sustancial de las de Albacete, Guadalajara, Badajoz y Cáceres, lindando con las empobrecidas diócesis de Sigüenza y Cuenca cuyo territorio apenas permitía sufragar sus propios gastos.

En el siglo XV, la diócesis toledana creció en jurisdicción, quedando sometidas bajo su provincia eclesiástica Palencia, Osma, Segovia, Sigüenza, Cuenca, Córdoba y Jaén. El arzobispo de Toledo se había convertido, así, en Consejero Mayor del Rey y el Cabildo catedralicio de la sede toledana en el consejo asesor. Las rentas de la primatura alcanzaban en esta época los ciento cincuenta y cuatro mil ducados, el doble que la díocesis Sevillana. La catedral estaba servida por 70 canónidos y más de cien capellanes, siendo en total más de 400 los servidores de la misma en pleno apogeo con Felipe II y más de doscientas las villas tributarias.

Desde entonces, mantuvo su condición aunque fuera disminuyendo su poder político, -que no eclesiástico- en beneficio del poder de la Corona. ---

References

• Izquierdo Benito, Ricardo. Privilegios reales otorgados a Toledo durante la Edad Media (1101-1494), Toledo, 1990.
• Nieto Siria, José Manuel. Iglesia y génesis del Estado Moderno en Castilla (1369–1480), Madrid, 1993.

References

1. José Marques. (1999). "O problema da primazia arquiepiscopal das Espanhas: Toledo ou Braga?".
2. [[Menéndez y Pelayo]], siguiendo a [[Renán]], hablan del enfrentamiento del Obispo Raimundo y los cluniacenses con los mozárabes [http://www.alyamiah.com/cema/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=184]