President of South Korea

History

Prior to the establishment of the First Republic in 1948, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea established in Shanghai in September 1919 as the continuation of several governments proclaimed in the aftermath of March First Movement earlier that year coordinated resistance against Japanese rule. The legitimacy of the Provisional Government has been recognized and succeeded by South Korea in the latter's original Constitution of 1948 and the current Constitution of 1987.

The presidential term has been set at five years since 1988. It was previously set at four years from 1948 to 1972, six years from 1972 to 1981, and seven years from 1981 to 1988. Since 1981, the president has been barred from re-election.

Powers and duties of the president

Chapter 3 of the South Korean constitution states the duties and the powers of the president. The president is required to:

• uphold the Constitution
• preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
• work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the Peaceful Unification Advisory Council

Also, the president is given the powers:

• as the head of the executive branch of government
• as the commander-in-chief of the South Korean military
• to declare war
• to hold referendums regarding issues of national importance
• to issue executive orders
• to issue medals in honor of service for the nation
• to issue pardons
• to declare a state of emergency suspending all laws or enacting a state of martial law
• to veto bills (subject to a two thirds majority veto override by the National Assembly)

If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

The president may refer important policy matters to a national referendum, declare war, conclude peace and other treaties, appoint senior public officials, and grant amnesty (with the concurrence of the National Assembly). In times of serious internal or external turmoil or threat, or economic or financial crises, the president may assume emergency powers "for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order." Emergency measures may be taken only when the National Assembly is not in session and when there is no time for it to convene. The measures are limited to the "minimum necessary".

The 1987 Constitution removed the 1980 Constitution's explicit provisions that empowered the government to temporarily suspend the freedoms and rights of the people. However, the president is permitted to take other measures that could amend or abolish existing laws for the duration of a crisis. It is unclear whether such emergency measures could temporarily suspend portions of the Constitution itself. Emergency measures must be referred to the National Assembly for concurrence. If not endorsed by the assembly, the emergency measures can be revoked; any laws that had been overridden by presidential order regain their original effect. In this respect, the power of the legislature is more vigorously asserted than in cases of ratification of treaties or declarations of war, in which the Constitution simply states that the National Assembly "has the right to consent" to the president's actions. In a change from the 1980 Constitution, the 1987 Constitution stated that the president is not permitted to dissolve the National Assembly.

Term limits

Main article: Term limits in South Korea

The office of president has a strict non-renewable term limit of five years, enacted in 1987 under Article 70 of the Constitution of South Korea after the country endured several years of autocratic rule. South Korea's presidential term limit is one of the shortest in the world, and is the shortest in Asia. As an additional safeguard against authoritarian tendencies, Article 128 of the Constitution stipulates that any amendments to extend the term of office shall not apply to the incumbent president at the time the amendments were made.

Election

The presidential election rules are defined by the South Korean Constitution and the Public Official Election Act. The president is elected by direct popular vote, conducted using first-past-the-post.

Latest election

Main article: 2025 South Korean presidential election

Related constitutional organs

The president is assisted by the staff of the Presidential Secretariat, headed by a cabinet-rank secretary general. Apart from the State Council, or cabinet, the chief executive relies on several constitutional organs.

These constitutional organs included the National Security Council, which provided advice concerning the foreign, military, and domestic policies bearing on national security. Chaired by the president, the council in 1990 had as its statutory members the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the ministers for foreign affairs, home affairs, finance, and national defense, the director of the Agency for National Security Planning (ANSP) which was known as the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) until December 1980, and others designated by the president. Another important body is the Peaceful Unification Advisory Council, inaugurated in June 1981 under the chairmanship of the president. From its inception, this body had no policy role, but rather appeared to serve as a government sounding board and as a means to disburse political rewards by providing large numbers of dignitaries and others with titles and opportunities to meet periodically with the president and other senior officials.

The president also was assisted in 1990 by the Audit and Inspection Board. In addition to auditing the accounts of all public institutions, the board scrutinized the administrative performance of government agencies and public officials. Its findings were reported to the president and the National Assembly, which itself had broad powers to inspect the work of the bureaucracy under the provisions of the Constitution. Board members were appointed by the president.

One controversial constitutional organ was the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen, which replaced a smaller body in February 1988, just before Roh Tae Woo was sworn in as president. This body was supposed to be chaired by the immediate former president; its expansion to eighty members, broadened functions, and elevation to cabinet rank made it appear to have been designed, as one Seoul newspaper said, to "preserve the status and position of a certain individual." The government announced plans to reduce the size and functions of this body immediately after Roh's inauguration. Public suspicions that the council might provide former President Chun with a power base within the Sixth Republic were rendered moot when Chun withdrew to an isolated Buddhist temple in self-imposed exile in November 1988.

Removal

The procedure for impeachment is set out in the Constitution. According to Article 65 Clause 1, if the President, Prime Minister, or other state council members violate the Constitution or other laws of official duty, the National Assembly can impeach them.

Clause 2 states the impeachment bill must be proposed by one third and approved by a majority of members of the National Assembly for passage. In the case of the President, the motion must be proposed by a majority and approved by a supermajority of two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly, meaning that 200 of 300 members of the National Assembly must approve the bill. This article also states that any person against whom a motion for impeachment has been passed shall be suspended from exercising power until the impeachment has been adjudicated, and a decision on impeachment shall not extend further than removal from public office. However, impeachment shall not exempt the person impeached from civil or criminal liability for such violations.

By the Constitutional Court Act, the Constitutional Court must make a final decision within 180 days after it receives any case for adjudication, including impeachment cases. If the respondent has already left office before the pronouncement of the decision, the case is dismissed.

Three presidents have been impeached since the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948. Roh Moo-hyun in 2004 was impeached by the National Assembly, but the impeachment was overturned by the Constitutional Court. Park Geun-hye was impeached by the National Assembly in 2016, and the impeachment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on March 10, 2017. Yoon Suk Yeol was impeached by the National Assembly on 14 December 2024, and the impeachment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on April 4, 2025. Han Duck-soo became the first acting president to be impeached on 27 December 2024. Although Han held presidential powers, the National Assembly considered him a cabinet minister, allowing him to be removed by a simple majority rather than the two-thirds required of previous presidents.

Presidential office

The Cheong Wa Dae () or Blue House was built upon a Joseon-era royal garden. It is a complex of multiple buildings built largely in the traditional Korean architectural style with some modern architectural elements and facilities. Cheong Wa Dae consists of the Main Office Hall Bon-gwan, the Presidential Residence, the State Reception House Yeongbin-gwan, and several other buildings and structures. The entire complex covers approximately 250,000 square metres or 62 acres. While the Blue House served as an executive office, it was one of the most protected official residences in Asia.

Upon the inauguration of President Yoon Suk Yeol in May 2022, Cheong Wa Dae was relieved of its duties as the official residence and executive office of the president and fully converted to a public park. The president's office and residence was moved to the Office of the President of South Korea (formerly the Ministry of National Defense building) in the Yongsan District of Seoul. Following Yoon Suk Yeol's impeachment, his successor Lee Jae Myung is planning to restore Cheong Wa Dae as the official residence.

Compensation and privileges of office

As of 2021, the president receives a salary of ₩240,648,000 along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services while in office.

In addition, the presidency of the republic maintains the Chongri Gonggwan ("Official Residence of the Prime Minister") and the Prime Ministers Office in Seoul. The Chongri Gonggwan is the prime minister's official residence and official workplace. The prime minister is allowed use of all other official government offices and residences.

The president also has many regional offices especially in the major cities ready to receive the president at any time. Although not residences, they are owned by the national government and are used when the president is in the region or city.

For ground travel the president uses a highly modified Hyundai Nexo SUV to serve as the presidential state vehicle. For air travel the president uses a highly modified plane which is a military version of the Boeing 747-8 with the call sign Code One and a highly modified helicopter which is a military version of the Sikorsky S-92 that serves as the presidential helicopter.

Post-presidency

All former presidents receive a lifelong pension and Presidential Security Service detail. Unlike the prime minister, a former president cannot decline PSS protection. In recent years, South Korean presidents tend to have controversial and unfortunate post-presidencies; four of the last six have served time in prison.

Impeached presidents are stripped of their post-presidential benefits such as pension, free medical services, state funding for post-retirement offices, personal assistants and a chauffeur, and right to burial at the Seoul National Cemetery after death. However, such individuals are still entitled to retain security protection under the Presidential Security Act.

Order of succession

Article 71 of the Constitution of South Korea states, 'In the event of the president not being able to discharge the duties of his/her office, the Prime Minister and ministers in line of the order of succession shall be the acting president.' Article 68 of the Constitution requires the acting president to hold new elections within 60 days if the presidency is vacant or the president is permanently incapacitated.

Symbols

The primary symbols of the president are the seal, used to authenticate official acts, and the standard, which is flown when the president is present. File:Flag of the President of South Korea.svg|Presidential standard File:Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg|Presidential seal Seal of the President of the Republic of Korea.svg|This emblem incorporates the main symbol of the presidency and appears prominently on some podiums or meeting rooms. It is sometimes erreously referred to as the presidential seal. File:Emblem of the President of the Republic of Korea.svg|The phoenixes and rose of sharon have been the official symbol of the presidency since 1967, but were used unofficially as early as 1955. Along with appearing on the standard, it can be seen on buildings associated with the presidency and other materials, and previously appeared on the emblem of the presidential office from 2022 to 2025. File:Cheongwadae Logo (2013-2022).svg|The emblem of Cheong Wa Dae

Timeline of presidents

Main article: List of presidents of South Korea

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File:Rhee Syng-Man in 1948.jpg|1st: Syngman Rhee 1st, 2nd & 3rd terms (served: 1948–1960) File:Yun Po-sun (3x4 cropped).jpg|2nd: Yun Po-sun 4th term (served: 1960–1962) File:Park Chung Hee (박정희) Presidential Portrait.jpg|3rd: Park Chung Hee 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th & 9th terms (served: 1963–1979) File:Presidents of the Republic Of Korea (4261836786) Choi.jpg|4th: Choi Kyu-hah 10th term (served: 1979–1980) File:Chun Doo-hwan (전두환) Presidential Portrait.jpg|5th: Chun Doo-hwan 11th & 12th terms (served: 1980–1988) File:Roh Tae-woo (노태우 ) Presidential Potraits.jpg|6th: Roh Tae-woo 13th term (served: 1988–1993) File:Kim Young-sam presidential portrait.jpg|7th: Kim Young-sam 14th term (served: 1993–1998) File:Kim Dae-jung presidential portrait.jpg|8th: Kim Dae-jung 15th term (served: 1998–2003) File:Roh Moo-hyun presidential portrait.jpg|9th: Roh Moo-hyun 16th term (served: 2003–2008) File:Lee Myung-bak presidential portrait.jpg|10th: Lee Myung-bak 17th term (served: 2008–2013) File:Park Geun-hye presidential portrait.png|11th: Park Geun-hye 18th term (served: 2013–2017) File:Moon Jae-in, Official portrait in 2017.png|12th: Moon Jae-in 19th term (served: 2017–2022) File:South Korea President Yoon Suk Yeol portrait.jpg|13th: Yoon Suk Yeol 20th term (served: 2022–2025) File:Lee Jae-myung 20250823.jpg|14th: Lee Jae Myung 21st term (serving: 2025–present)

Notes

References

• U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies

References

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