Precision teaching

Guiding principles

• Focus on Directly Observable Behavior :By focusing on directly observable behavior, teachers can avoid ambiguity. Thus, it is important for the teacher to measure concrete, directly observable behaviors which can be counted and recorded. Even if the learning deficit is a subtle or private one (such as reading silently), the teacher must find a way to make it public so that it may be counted and improved.
• Frequency as a Measure of Performance :Frequency is specified as counts per minute. There are well researched advantages to the use of frequency data over traditional measures in education such as percent correct.
• **The Standard Celeration Chart ** :Ogden Lindsley created the standard celeration chart because of a large amount of differences between the way each teacher was charting their learner's behavior at the University of Kansas Children's Rehabilitation unit. Lindsley indicated that it took 20 to 30 minutes to share one project because each chart had to be explained and described. Thus, the standard celeration chart was developed in which the x-axis is an add scale to accommodate a full school semester (140 days). The y-axis was on a multiply scale accommodating frequencies ranging from 1 per day to 1000 per minute. The largest benefit was that with the new chart, different students being charted by different teachers will still have pictures of progress which can be compared and evaluated.
• The Learner Knows Best :Ogden Lindsley explains how he coined this slogan: :From this experience, Ogden realized that if a student is progressing according to plan, the program is good for the student. If not, the program is flawed, and needs to be changed; therefore, there is no failure by the student as a product of the student, but rather as a product of the teaching.

Instructional tools

• Standard Celeration Chart: :To measure fluency, precision teaching utilizes a semi-logarithmic chart called a Standard Celeration Chart. This chart allows for demonstration of changes in rate of acquisition and allows the teacher to quickly assess a student’s performance accelerating through time. By utilizing this chart, teachers are able to quickly adjust the curriculum to maximize the student's performance and learning. This chart was developed by Lindsley in the 1950s while at Metropolitan State Hospital and Harvard University. It was not created in its current form until 1967.

• SAFMEDS: :SAFMEDS is a method of training to fluency and stands for Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled. This training has been shown to increase performance in college settings.

References

References

1. Lindsley, Ogden R.. (1991). "Precision Teaching's Unique Legacy from B. F. Skinner". Journal of Behavioral Education.
2. White, O. R. (1986). Precision teaching—Precision learning. Exceptional Children, 52, 522-534.
3. Binder, C. (1996). Behavioral fluency: Evolution of a new paradigm. The Behavior Analyst, 19, 163-197.
4. West, R. P., & Young, K. R. (1992). Precision teaching. In R. P. West & L. A. Hamerlynck (Eds.), Designs for excellence in education: The legacy of B. F. Skinner (pp. 113-146). Longmont, CO: Sopris West, Inc.
5. Lindsley, O. R. (1990b). Precision teaching: By teachers for children. [[Teaching Exceptional Children]], 22(3), 10-15.
6. "Archived copy".
7. Austin, J. L. (2000). Behavioral approaches to college teaching. In J. Austin and J. E. Carr (Eds.) Handbook of applied behavior analysis (p. 449-472). Reno, NV.