Powder glass beads

Types of beads

Krobo beads

Krobo powder glass beads are made in vertical molds fashioned out of a special, locally dug clay. Most molds have a number of depressions, designed to hold one bead each, and each of these depressions, in turn, has a small central depression to hold the stem of a cassava leaf. The mold is filled with finely ground glass that can be built up in layers in order to form sequences and patterns of different shapes and colours. The technique could be described as being somewhat similar to creating a sand "painting" or to filling a bottle with different-coloured sands and is called the "vertical-mold dry powder glass technique". When cassava leaf stems are used, these will burn away during firing and leave the bead perforation. Certain powder glass bead variants, however, receive their perforations after firing, by piercing the still hot and pliable glass with a hand-made, pointed metal tool. Firing takes place in clay kilns until the glass fuses.

There are three distinct styles of modern Krobo powder glass beads:

Fused glass fragment beads are made by fusing together fairly large bottle glass or glass bead fragments. These beads are translucent or semi-translucent and receive their perforations, as well as their final shapes, after firing.

Beads composed of two halves (usually bicones, or occasionally spheres) are created from pulverized glass. The two halves are being joined together in a second, short firing process.

The "Mue ne Angma", or "Writing Beads", are conventional powder glass beads made from finely ground glass, with glass slurry decorations that are "written" on and fused in a second firing.

Akoso beads

Akoso beads are older Ghanaian dry core powder glass beads. They date from the 1950s and were manufactured by the Krobo. The most common colour of Akoso beads is yellow. There are also green, and rarely blue or black specimens. The glass surface is often worn away at the ends and around the beads' equator, exposing a grey core. The most prevalent decorations, preformed from strips of hot glass, were applied in patterns of criss-crossed loops, longitudinal stripes, and circles. Glass from crushed Venetian beads was used for making the glass powder, and the decorative patterns were made of glass derived from Venetian beads, or from small whole Venetian beads such as so-called green heart and white-heart beads.

Meteyi beads

Meteyi beads were made by the Ashanti people of Ghana. Longitudinal seams that can often be observed on these beads give evidence that they were made in horizontal molds. Meteyi beads are often ellipsoid in cross section and they have a rough surface on the side which touched the bottom of the mold during firing. They can be opaque yellow, and more rarely, green, blue or white, with stripe decorations in combinations of blue, yellow, white or red. Manufacture ceased during the 1940s.

Ateyun beads

Another West African people known to produce powder glass beads are the Yoruba from Nigeria. Beads from their production differ technically from typical Ghanaian powder glass beads in that they are not made in molds and in the wet-core technique. Finely crushed glass is moistened with water and shaped by hand. The perforations are made before the beads are fired, using a pointed tool. Ateyun beads were made in different shapes but always in red, to imitate real Mediterranean coral. Genuine coral was rare, but very much sought after and highly valued by the Yoruba people. Yoruba bead makers made their own imitations at more affordable prices.

Keta awuazi beads

Apart from red beads imitating coral, blue beads were also highly valued. Keta awuazi beads, originating from Nigeria or possibly Togo, were made in horizontal molds and mold marks are often evident along their sides. Keta awuazi beads are cylindrical in shape. Manufacture ceased during the 1940s. Krobo bead makers produced similar blue powder glass beads, using glass derived from cold cream jars to achieve the blue colouration.

Kiffa beads

Main article: Kiffa beads

Kiffa beads from Mauritania are also manufactured through the wet core technique. Glass is finely crushed to a powder, and is then mixed with a binder such as saliva or gum arabic diluted in water. Decorations are made from the glass slurry (which is made of crushed glass mixed with a binder), and applied with a pointed tool, usually a steel needle. The beads are formed by hand and not placed in molds. The firing takes place in small containers, often sardine cans, in open fires.

Tools For Making Glass Beads

There are endless tools that can be used in the fusing process that help shape the glass, achieve certain textures or colors, or simply decorate items once it's fused

References

References

1. Barbot, J. (1746). "A Voyage to New Calabar". Collection of Voyages and Travels, Linot and Osborn (6 Vols.).
2. (2009-06-16). "Beads from Ghana - Global Mamas".
3. (2019-11-25). "Beads In Ghana - History, Production, And Employment Opportunities".
4. "Glass Fusing 101: Supplies, Tools and Equipment You Need".