Post-vasectomy pain syndrome

Incidence

In their Vasectomy Guideline (2015), the American Urological Association stated:

The opinion of the Panel is that chronic scrotal pain severe enough to interfere with quality of life occurs in 1-2% of men after vasectomy.  Medical or surgical therapy is usually, but not always, effective in improving this chronic pain.}}

An investigation of peer-reviewed articles published in March 2020 examined 559 articles, performed meta-analysis on 25 separate datasets, and concluded that the incidence of post-vasectomy pain syndrome is 5% (95% CI 3% to 8%) with similar incidence of PVPS for both the scalpel and the no-scalpel technique.

Symptoms

• Persistent pain in the genitalia and/or genital area(s)
• Groin pain upon physical exertion
• Pain when achieving an erection and/or engaging in sexual intercourse
• Pain upon ejaculation
• Loss of erectile function

Any of the aforementioned pain conditions/syndromes can persist for years after vasectomy. The pain can range from mild/annoying to extremely debilitating, with a continuum of pain severity between these two extremes. Pain is thought to be caused by any of the following, either singularly or in combination: testicular back pressure, overfull epididymides, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, sperm granulomas, and nerve entrapment. Pain can be present continuously in the form of orchialgia and/or congestive epididymitis or it can be situational, such as pain during intercourse, ejaculation or physical exertion.

Mechanisms of pain

There is a noticeable enlargement of the epididymides in vasectomized men. Sperm sometimes leak from the vas deferens of vasectomized men, forming lesions in the scrotum known as sperm granulomas. Some sperm granulomas can be painful. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site prevents epididymal pressure build-up, perforation, and the formation of an epididymal sperm granuloma. It thus lessens the likelihood of epididymal discomfort.

One study using ultrasound found that the epididymides of patients with post-vasectomy pain syndrome were enlarged and full of cystic growths.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the proximate cause. In one study, it was reported that 9 of 13 men who underwent vasectomy reversal in an attempt to relieve post-vasectomy pain syndrome became pain-free, though the followup was only one month in some cases. Another study found that 24 of 32 men had relief after vasectomy reversal.

Nerve entrapment is treated with surgery to free the nerve from the scar tissue, or to cut the nerve. One study reported that denervation of the spermatic cord provided complete relief at the first follow-up visit in 13 of 17 cases, and that the other four patients reported improvement. As nerves may regrow, long-term studies are needed.

One study found that epididymectomy provided relief for 50% of patients with post-vasectomy pain syndrome.

Orchiectomy is recommended usually only after other surgeries have failed.

References

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References

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4. (February 1992). "Chronic testicular pain following vasectomy". British Journal of Urology.
5. (July 2002). "A study to assess the prevalence of chronic testicular pain in post-vasectomy men compared to non-vasectomised men". The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care.
6. (January 2020). "Incidence of Post-Vasectomy Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
7. (November 1979). "Open-Ended Vasectomy, Sperm Granuloma, and Postvasectomy Orchialgia". Fertility and Sterility.
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11. (2003). "Testicular Pain Following Vasectomy: A Review of Postvasectomy Pain Syndrome". Journal of Andrology.
12. Schmidt S. (1976). "Spermatic granuloma: an often painful lesion". Fertility and Sterility.
13. (1979). "Is the low fertility rate after vasovasostomy caused by nerve resection during vasectomy?". Fertility and Sterility.
14. (1981). "The vulnerability of the vas deferens". Journal of Pediatric Surgery.
15. (1985). "A late post-vasectomy syndrome.". The Journal of Urology.
16. (1997). "The incidence of post-vasectomy chronic testicular pain and the role of nerve stripping (denervation) of the spermatic cord in its management". British Journal of Urology.
17. Shafik A. (1996). "Electrovasogram in normal and vasectomized men and patients with obstructive azoospermia and absent vas deferens". Archives of Andrology.