Ponos

Notes

References

• Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). . Internet Archive.
• The Cambridge Greek Lexicon, edited by J. Diggle et al, Cambridge University Press, 2021 .
• Cartledge, Paul, s.v. industry, Greek and Roman, published online 07 March 2016, in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, edited by Tim Whitmarsh, digital ed, New York, Oxford University Press. .
• Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Natura Deorum in Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods. Academics, translated by H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library No. 268, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, first published 1933, revised 1951. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive.
• Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
• Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, . Google Books.
• Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1940. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Lucian, The Downward Journey or The Tyrant. Zeus Catechized. Zeus Rants. The Dream or The Cock. Prometheus. Icaromenippus or The Sky-man. Timon or The Misanthrope. Charon or The Inspectors. Philosophies for Sale, translated by A. M. Harmon. Loeb Classical Library No. 54. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1915. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Millett, Paul C., s.v. labour, published online 30 July 2015, in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, edited by Tim Whitmarsh, digital ed, New York, Oxford University Press. .
• Most, G.W., Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Sophocles, The Women of Trachis in Sophocles: Antigone. The Women of Trachis. Philoctetes. Oedipus at Colonus Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Loeb Classical Library No. 21, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1994. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Thurmann, Stephanie, s.v. Ponos, in Brill’s New Pauly Online, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.

References

1. 'Ponos' is variously translated as 'Toil' (''[[The Cambridge Greek Lexicon]]'', s.v. πόνος 6; Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]), 'Labor' (Gantz, p. 10), or 'Hardship' (Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232]). In ancient Greek the word ''ponos'' which meant 'hard work' could also mean 'hardship, 'suffering', 'distress' or 'trouble', see ''[[The Cambridge Greek Lexicon]]'', s.v. πόνος 1, 3; compare [[LSJ]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpo%2Fnos s.v. πόνος]. For the ancient Greeks' negative associations regarding ''ponos'', see Millett, [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3547 s.v. labour]; Cartledge, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3281 s.v. industry, Greek and Roman].
2. Thurmann, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e1004050.xml? s.v. Ponos].
3. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 226 (Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 43]).
4. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Gantz, p. 10.
5. Thurmann, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e1004050.xml? s.v. Ponos]; [[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/328/mode/2up?view=theater 3.44]; compare [[Sophocles]], ''[[The Women of Trachis]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-women_trachis/1994/pb_LCL021.135.xml 29–30].
6. Thurmann, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e1004050.xml s.v. Ponos]; [[Lucian]], ''Timon'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/lucian-timon_misanthrope/1915/pb_LCL054.363.xml 31–33].