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Polish People's Army

Former army of the Polish People's Republic

Polish People's Army
Summary

Former army of the Polish People's Republic

FieldValue
unit_namePolish People's Army
native_nameLudowe Wojsko Polskie
imageEmblem of the Polish People's Army land forces (1972) (2).png
captionEmblem worn by LWP soldiers
size200,000 (World War II)
garrisonSeltsy, Russian SFSR
(1943–1945)
Warsaw, Poland
(1945–1989)
garrison_labelHeadquarters
patronTadeusz Kościuszko
battlesWorld War II - Eastern Front
battle_honours[[File:POL Za Warszawę 1939-1945 BAR.svg22px]] For Warsaw
[[File:POL Za udział w walkach o Berlin BAR.svg22px]] For Battle of Berlin
commander1Mieczysław Rakowski (last)
commander1_labelFirst Secretary
commander2Tadeusz Mazowiecki (last)
commander2_labelPrime Minister
commander3Florian Siwicki (last)
commander3_labelMinister of National Defence
commander4Józef Użycki (last)
commander4_labelChief of the General Staff
datesMay 1943 – December 1989
countryPoland Poland
allegianceSoviet Union Soviet Union
(1943–1945)
Poland Polish People's Republic
(1945–1989)
branchPolish Army Air Force
(1943–1947)
Polish Air Force
(1947–1989)
Polish Air Defence Force
(1962–1989)
Polish Land Forces
Polish Navy
deployed
percent_GDP

(1943–1945) Warsaw, Poland (1945–1989)

  • Battle of Lenino
  • Operation Bagration
  • Lublin-Brest Offensive
  • Warsaw Uprising
  • Battle of Studzianki
  • Vistula–Oder Offensive
  • Battle of Poznań
  • East Pomeranian Offensive
  • Battle of Kolberg
  • Battle of Berlin
  • Battle of the Seelow Heights
  • Battle of Bautzen
  • Prague Offensive Aftermath of World War II
  • Anti-Communist Insurgency
  • Polish–Ukrainian ethnic conflict (1945–1947)
  • Czechoslovak Border Conflicts Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1943–1945) Poland Polish People's Republic (1945–1989) (1943–1947) Polish Air Force (1947–1989) Polish Air Defence Force (1962–1989) Polish Land Forces Polish Navy

The Polish People's Army (, ; LWP) was the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East during the latter stages of the Second World War (1943–1945), and subsequently the armed forces of the Polish communist state (1945–1989), which was formalized in 1952 as the Polish People's Republic.

The creation of communist-led Polish armed forces that were outside the command of the Polish government-in-exile was allowed and facilitated by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, following efforts made in the early 1940s by Soviet-based Polish exiles Wanda Wasilewska and Zygmunt Berling.

Initially called the Polish Army in the USSR from 1943 to 1944, it became the Polish Troops and Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland from 1944 to 1952, and thereafter the Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic. During these restructurings, the Polish military was increasingly integrated into Soviet military and command structures, becoming comparatively more distinct and independent in 1956.

On 7 October 1950, the anniversary of the Battle of Lenino—one of the first major engagements of Polish Armed Forces in the East against Axis forces—was declared the official "Day of the Polish People's Army" by the People's Republic.

History

World War II

Main article: Polish Armed Forces in the East

Polish troops, 1943

What became the LWP was formed during World War II, in May 1943, as the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, which developed into the First Polish Army, unofficially known as Berling's Army. Because of the shortage of Polish officers and the policies of the Soviet Union, in March 1945 Soviet Red Army officers accounted for nearly 52% of the officer corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained in the LWP by July 1946.

It was not the only Polish formation that fought on the Allied side, nor the first one formed in the East. The earlier Polish force formed in the Soviet Union, known as Anders' Army, was loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and by that time had moved to Iran. The communist-led Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the First Polish Army (initially under Zygmunt Berling) and the Second Polish Army (commanded by Karol Świerczewski). The First Polish Army participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the Battle of Kolberg and the final Battle of Berlin.

Immediate post-war years

The Polish First Army on their way to [[Berlin]], 1945
Polish flag raised on the top of [[Berlin Victory Column]] on 2 May 1945
[[T-55]]A tanks of the Polish People's Army ([[Martial law in Poland]])

After the war the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) military districts. These were the Warsaw Military District, headquartered (HQ) in Warsaw, the Lublin Military District, HQ in Lublin, the Kraków Military District, HQ in Kraków, the Łódź Military District, HQ in Łódź, the Poznań Military District, HQ in Poznań, the Pomeranian Military District, HQ in Toruń, and the Silesian Military District, HQ in Katowice.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Polish Army was under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland and Minister of Defense of Poland Konstantin Rokossovsky. It was increasingly integrated into Soviet military structure and organization. This process was mitigated in the aftermath of the Polish October of 1956, when Władysław Gomułka formalized aspects of Poland's military relationship with the Soviet Union. The Sovietization of the armed forces structure was phased out altogether and thus the combat and service support structures were integrated once more into regular combat formations following the old Polish model.

Cold War

General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] in 1984

An anti-Zionist purge in the Polish Army took place in 1968 to systematically remove soldiers of Jewish origin, following the Six-Day War between Israel and Arab countries.

Characteristics

Uniform

In 1949, the first fundamental uniform reform after the war was made. The "Dress Rules for the Soldiers of the Polish Army" were introduced and were to apply from January 1, 1951.

In the Polish People's Army, a soft field cap modeled on the pre-war one was introduced. After the war, the pre-war garrison caps were used again. Stiffened caps were only worn until around 1950 when they were completely replaced by round caps. In 1982, the Polish Rogatywka, modeled on the pattern from 1935, were restored in the Polish Army's Representative Company.

In the late 1950s, camouflaged field uniforms were introduced, starting with:

  • wz. 58 "deszczyk" – used since 1958 to 1968.
  • wz. 68 "moro" – used since 1968 to 1989.
  • wz. 89 "puma" – incompletely implemented in 1989.

Chaplaincy

Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Polish People's Army, its officers and soldiers were provided with pastoral care. Such a service was provided by the General Dean's Office of the Polish Army.

Training

In the 1980s, the Polish People's Republic had 4 military academies and 11 higher officers' schools, which trained auxiliary corpsmen and corresponded in rank to higher educational institutions. In 1954, judo instructors from the Warsaw and Kraków institutes of physical culture, participated in the training program for border guards and military personnel of the airborne units of the Polish army.

Equipment

HelmetOriginTypeNotesPhoto
SSh-39/SSh-40Soviet UnionCombat helmetUsed during World War II and shortly after[[File:Ssh39exterior.jpgframeless]]
Hełm wz. 31/50Polish People's RepublicCombat helmetPre-war polish helmet after modernisations[[File:CascPol-m31.jpgframeless]]
Hełm wz. 50Polish People's RepublicCombat helmetStandard helmet in 1950-1967[[File:M50P.pngframeless]]
Hełm wz. 63Polish People's RepublicParatrooper helmetUsed by airbone troops and special units.[[File:Hełm wz. 63.jpgframeless]]
Hełm wz. 67Polish People's RepublicCombat helmetStandard helmet from 1967 to 1989.[[File:Hełm wz. 67.jpgframeless]]
WeaponOriginTypeNotesPhoto
P-64Polish People's RepublicSemi-automatic pistol[[File:P-64 Armémuseum.jpgframeless]]
P-83Polish People's RepublicSemi-automatic pistol[[File:P-83 Wanad pistol nobg.pngframeless]]
P-33Polish People's RepublicSemi-automatic pistolLicensed copy of TT-33.[[File:PW-33 1.jpgframeless]]
AKMSoviet UnionAssault rifleStandard issue rifle[[File:AKM automatkarbin Ryssland - 7,62x39mm - Armémuseum rightside noBG.pngframeless]]
PM-84Polish People's RepublicSubmachine gunLimited use[[File:Submachine gun PM-84.jpgframeless]]
PM-63Polish People's RepublicSubmachine gunStandard submachine gun form 1963 till 1989[[File:Submachine_gun_wz63.jpgframeless]]
7.62 mm pm wz.41Soviet UnionSubmachine gunPolish PPSh-41 produced domestically.[[File:PPSh-41 from soviet.jpgframeless]]
SWDSoviet UnionDesignated sniper rifleStandard marksman rifle of PPA[[File:SVD Dragunov.jpgframeless]]
PKSoviet UnionGeneral purpose machinegunStandard general purpose machinegun of PPA[[File:PK machine gun.jpgframeless]]
SKSSoviet UnionSemi-automatic rifle[[File:Simonow SKS 45 noBG.jpgframeless]]
Mosin–NagantSoviet UnionBolt-action rifleDomestically produced.[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1891.pngframeless]]
SG-43 GoryunovPolish People's RepublicMachine gun[[File:Филиал ЦВММ «Дорога жизни», СГ-43.jpgframeless]]
RPG-7Soviet UnionLight AT weapon[[File:RPG-7 detached.jpgframeless]]

Ground Forces

TankOriginVersionIn serviceNotes
T-60Soviet Union3 pcs. - 1944-1945After the war, several pieces were sent to military schools.
T-70Soviet Union53 pcs. - 1944-1945Some of the tanks used after 1945 by the Internal Security Corps.
T-34Soviet Union1940, 1941, 1942, 1943118 pcs. - 1944-1945According to Magnuski, many different versions of the T-34 vehicle were used, both early production and modernized ones.
T-34-85Soviet UnionM1, M2328 pcs. - 1944–1945. 1083 pcs. - 1955, 1444 pcs. - 1960, 417 pcs. - 1985Domestically produced 1355 pcs. between 1952 and 1956.
PT-76Soviet UnionPT-76, PT-76B68 pcs. - 1965, 108 pcs. - 1970, 112 pcs. - 1985, 30 pcs. 1990Some of the tanks were modernized in Poland by adding a DSzK HMG above the loader's hatch.
T-54Soviet UnionA, AD, AM, AM1, AM2, T-55U1258 pcs. - 1965, 998 pcs. - 1970Between 1956 and 1964, 2,000 T-54 tanks were produced under license in Poland.
T-55Soviet UnionA, AD, AD-1, AD-2, AM, AD1M, AD2M, AMS128 pcs. - 1965, 956 pcs. - 1970, 2653 pcs., 2100 pcs. - 1990Between 1964 and 1980, 5,000 T-55s were produced. Most of it was exported.
T-72Soviet UnionM, M1317 pcs. - 1985, 700 pcs. - 1990In the years 1981–1990, Zakłady Mechaniczne Bumar-Łabędy produced approximately 1,600 T-72 tanks.
IS-2Soviet UnionM50 pcs. - 1944–1945, 180 pcs. - 1955, 75 pcs. - 1960Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.
IS-3Soviet Union2 or 3 pcs.Brought for testing purposes. They did not come into use. Two copies have been preserved in museums in Poznań and Warsaw.
TD/SPGOriginVersionIn serviceNotes
SU-57USASPG15 pcs. - 1944–1945, Few pcs. survived war.Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.
SU-76Soviet UnionSPG130 pcs. - 1944–1945, 206 pcs. - 1955.Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.
SU-85Soviet UnionTD70 pcs. - 1944–1945, 51 pcs. - 1955, 43 pcs. - 1960Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.
SU-100Soviet UnionTDAt least 3 pcs. - 1943-1945Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.
ISU-122SSoviet UnionSPG32 pcs. – 1944–1945, 399 pcs. (together with ISU-152) – 1955, 49 pcs. – 1960Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.
SU-152Soviet UnionSPG3 pcs. - 1944-1945
ISU-152Soviet UnionSPG10 pcs. – 1944–1945, 399 pcs. (together with ISU-122S) – 1955Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.
ASU-85Soviet UnionSPG20-30 pcs. - 1965-1975Withdrawn from use in the second half of 1970s.
2S1 GoździkSoviet UnionSPG166 pcs. - 1985, 490 pcs. - 1990Licensed production launched in the 1980s at Huta Stalowa Wola.
wz.77 DANACzechoslovak Socialist RepublicSPGThe first copies appeared in WP in the mid-1980s.
APC/IFVOriginVersionIn serviceNotes
BWP-1Soviet UnionIFV1 400
BMP-2Soviet UnionIFVurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818081435/http://www.pancerni.abajt.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=83date=18 August 2007}}. Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved 20 September 2011.title=Polish Land Forces from 1945 - Muzeum Wojsk Lądowychurl=https://muzeumwl.pl/en/polish-land-forces-from-1945/access-date=2024-07-06language=en-GB}}
MT-LBSoviet UnionAPC15
TOPASCzechoslovakialast=Szczerbickifirst=Tomasztitle=Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiegodate=2014publisher=Vesperisbn=978-83-7731-192-9edition=Wydanie Ilocation=Czerwonak}}120 pcs. - 1968, 70 pcs. - 1990last=Szczerbickifirst=Tomasztitle=Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiegodate=2014publisher=Vesperisbn=978-83-7731-192-9location=Czerwonak}}
SKOTCzechoslovakia-1A, -2A, S-260 Art, S-260 Inż., -WPT, -2AP, R-1, R-2, R2M, R2AM, R-3, R-3M, R-3AM, R-4, R-6548 pcs. - 1966Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia between 1963 and 1971.
BTR-60Soviet Uniontitle=BTR-60date=2024-06-26work=Wikipediaurl=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BTR-60&oldid=1231127353access-date=2024-07-10language=en}}Included with the 9K33 Osa SAM system delivered between 1980 and 1985.
BRDM-1Soviet UnionThe first ones entered the army in the 1960s
BRDM-2Soviet Union9P133, 9P148, RS, 9P31800 pcs. - 1990
FUGHungarian People's RepublicThe first ones entered the army in the 1960s

Air Force

ModelOriginTypeIn serviceNotes
Lim-1Polish People's RepublicFighter227title=samolotypolskie.pl - Lim-1 / Lim-2url=http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2281/126/Lim-1-Lim-2access-date=2025-01-31website=www.samolotypolskie.pl}}
Lim-2Polish People's RepublicFighter500
Lim-5Polish People's RepublicFighter477
MiG-19Soviet UnionFighter33
MiG-21Soviet UnionFighter600title=Orbatsurl=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/polandaccess-date=2024-07-07website=www.scramble.nl}}
MiG-23Soviet UnionFighter40
MiG-29Soviet UnionFighter12
Sukhoi Su-7Soviet UnionAttack Aircraft50
Su-20Soviet UnionAttack Aircraft40url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201052.htmltitle=World Air Forces 1971 pg. 935date=1971publisher=FlightGloballocation=UKpage=935access-date=2021-01-08archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708115136/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201052.htmlarchive-date=2015-07-08url-status=dead}}
Sukhoi Su-22Soviet UnionAttack Aircraft110
Ilyushin Il-28Soviet UnionBomber80
Antonov An-2Soviet UnionTransportN/A
Antonov An-26Soviet UnionTransport20
Ilyushin Il-14Soviet UnionTransport30
Mil Mi-8Soviet UnionHelicopter80
Mil Mi-2Soviet UnionHelicopter200
Mil Mi-24Soviet UnionAttack helicopter40

Artillery

Rocket Artillery

  • RM-70- 30
  • BM-21 Grad-250 in 1980s.
  • 9K52 Luna-M- 40 launchers in 1980s
  • R-11 Zemlya - 22 launchers in 1960s
  • Scud B- 25 launchers in 1980s

Towed artillery

Selfpropelled artillery

Air defense

Mobile missile

Mobile self-propelled AA guns

  • ZSU-23-4 Shilka-150 were delivered from USSR until 1991

Towed anti-aircraft gun

  • ZU-23-2-252 ZU-23 and 72 ZUR-23-2 series

Artillery tractors

  • Mazur D-350
  • ATS-59
  • AT-T

Utility vehicles

  • Willys MB
  • Gaz-67
  • Gaz-69
  • UAZ-469
  • FSC Lublin-51
  • Gaz-66
  • Ził-130
  • Ził-131
  • Ził-157
  • KrAZ-255
  • Star 28/29
  • Star 66
  • Star 660
  • Star 200
  • Star 244
  • Star 266

Engagements

  • Battle of Lenino - 1943
  • Lublin–Brest offensive - 1944
  • Battle of Studzianki - 1944
  • Vistula-Oder offensive - 1945
  • Battle of Kolberg - 1945
  • Siege of Danzig - 1945
  • Battle of the Seelow Heights - 1945
  • Battle of Bautzen - 1945
  • Battle of Berlin - 1945
  • Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)
  • Battles for Bircza - 1945–1946
  • Operation Vistula - 1947
  • Poznań protests of 1956
  • Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia - 1968
  • Polish protests of 1970
  • Pacification of Wujek - 1981
  • Martial law in Poland (13 December 1981 – 22 July 1983)

References

Sources

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cold-war-military-history-of-poland poland–soviet-union-relations polish-land-forces polish-people's-republic military-units-and-formations-established-in-1943 warsaw-pact disbanded-armies military-units-and-formations-of-the-cold-war polish-resistance-during-world-war-ii
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