Pole vault

History

Pole jumping was already practiced by the ancient Egyptians, ancient Greeks and the ancient Irish people. As depicted on stone engravings and artifacts dating back to c. 2500 BC, the Egyptians used spears to mount enemy structures, and to pass over irrigation ditches. Vases and pots from Greece show that poles were used by the locals to jump onto or over objects. From c. 1800 BC to c. 550 BC, a sport akin to pole vaulting was probably included in the Irish Tailteann Games, although the pole might have been used for gaining distance rather than height, as ancient Irish farmers used poles to jump over canals and rivers. Modern pole vaulting, an athletic contest where height is measured, was first established by the German teacher Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths in the 1790s. GutsMuths is also considered by many to be the father of modern pole vaulting, as he described jumping standards, the distance of the approach, recommendations on hand grip, and the principles of pole jumping. It was first practiced as a sport in Germany, later spreading to the United Kingdom and the United States. The earliest recorded pole vaulting competition in England where height was measured took place at the Ulverston Football and Cricket Club, Lancashire, north of the sands, in 1843. Pole vault was one of the athletics events of the inaugural Olympic Games in 1896.

Originally, poles were made of ash and from hickory wood. Bamboo poles were introduced in 1904, and both aluminum and steel poles appeared after 1945. Glass fiber vaulting poles received much notice in the American press in the early 1960s. John Uelses set a new world record with one on 2 February 1962. In February 1963 the standing world record was surpassed by UCLA's C. K. Yang and two other vaulters within a nine-day period using fiberglass poles.. Poles made of glass fiber were not new at the time, however. Herb Jenks had been manufacturing them since 1948—the year Bob Mathias first used one—and Mathias's pole was fiberglass when he won the decathlon at the 1952 Olympics.

James Monroe Lindler of the Columbia Products Company (Columbia, SC) filed a patent application on 10 March 1967—granted patent status on 27 January 1970—for the manufacture of, "a vaulting pole of hollow construction with an integral helical winding," and a method of manufacturing the same (see: US Patent US3491999A). The process starts with a metal tube, referred to in the industry as a mandrel, around which is wound a tape made of glass fibers impregnated with a resin. This is baked in an oven and after cooling the mandrel is removed to leave a hollow glass fiber tube. This process was based on a similar method used for manufacturing glass fiber golf clubs patented by the Woolley Manufacturing Company of Escondido, California in 1954 (see: US Patent US2822175A).

In September 2005, Jeffrey P. Watry, Ralph W. Paquin, and Kenneth A. Hursey of Gill Athletic, Champaign, Illinois, filed application to patent a new method of winding the glass fibers around the pole in layers, each wound in a different direction or orientation to provide specific properties to various parts of the pole. This was called Carbon Weave, and their patent was granted on 21 October 2008 (see: US Patent US3491999A). David J. Dodge and William C. Doble of the Alliance Design and Development Group of New York City, New York, were granted a patent in 2006 for the manufacture of, "sports equipment having a tubular structural member" which led to the introduction of carbon fiber vaulting poles in 2007 (see: US Patent US7140398B2).

In 2000, IAAF rule 260.18a (formerly 260.6a) was amended, so that "world records" (as opposed to "indoor world records") can be set in a facility "with or without roof". This rule was not applied retroactively. With many indoor facilities not conforming to outdoor track specifications for size and flatness, the pole vault was the only world record set indoors until 2022.

Modern vaulting

Today, athletes compete in the pole vault as one of the four jumping events in track and field. Because the high jump and pole vault are both vertical jumps, the competitions are conducted similarly. Each athlete can choose at what height they would like to enter the competition. Once they enter, they have three attempts to clear the height. If a height is cleared, the vaulter advances to the next height, where they will have three more attempts. Once the vaulter has three consecutive misses, they are out of the competition and the highest height they cleared is their result. A "no height", often denoted "NH", refers to the failure of a vaulter to clear any bar during the competition.

Once the vaulter enters the competition, they can choose to pass heights. If a vaulter achieves a miss on their first attempt at a height, they can pass to the next height, but they will only have two attempts at that height, as they will be out once they achieve three consecutive misses. Similarly, after earning two misses at a height, they could pass to the next height, where they would have only one attempt.

The competitor who clears the highest height is the winner. If two or more vaulters have finished with the same height, the tie is broken by the number of misses at the final height. If the tied vaulters have the same number of misses at the last height cleared, the tie is broken by the total number of misses in the competition.

If there is still a tie for first place, a jump-off occurs to break the tie. Marks achieved in this type of jump-off are considered valid and count for any purpose that a mark achieved in a normal competition would.

If a tie in the other places still exists, a jump-off is not normally conducted, unless the competition is a qualifying meet, and the tie exists in the final qualifying spot. In this case, an administrative jump-off is conducted to break the tie, but the marks are not considered valid for any other purpose than breaking the tie.

A jump-off is a sudden death competition in which the tied vaulters attempt the same height, starting with the last attempted height. If both vaulters miss, the bar goes down by a small increment, and if both clear, the bar goes up by a small increment. A jump-off ends when one vaulter clears and the other misses. Each vaulter gets one attempt at each height until one clears and one misses.

The equipment and rules for pole vaulting are similar to the high jump. Unlike high jump, however, the athlete in the vault has the ability to select the horizontal position of the bar, known as the standards, before each jump and can place it a distance beyond the back of the box, the metal pit that the pole is placed into immediately before takeoff. The range of distance the vaulter may place the standards varies depending on the level of competition.

If the pole used by the athlete dislodges the bar from the uprights, a foul attempt is ruled, even if the athlete has cleared the height. An athlete does not benefit from quickly leaving the landing pad before the bar has fallen. The exception to this rule is if the vaulter is vaulting outdoors and has made a clear effort to throw the pole back, but the wind has blown the pole into the bar; this counts as a clearance. This call is made at the discretion of the pole vault official. If the pole breaks during the execution of a vault, it is considered an equipment failure and is ruled a non-jump, neither a make nor a miss. Other types of equipment failure include the standards slipping down or the wind dislodging the bar when no contact was made by the vaulter.

Each athlete has a set amount of time in which to make an attempt. The time starts when the official deems the standards to be set, ready for the athlete to attempt their jump. When every athlete is still in the competition, each vaulter has one minute to complete their jump. When 3 athletes are remaining the time moves to 2 minutes. 2 athletes remaining gets 3 minutes. After the final jumper remains, he or she gets 5 minutes on the runway. The amount of time varies by level of competition and the number of vaulters remaining. If the vaulter fails to begin an attempt within this time, the vaulter is charged with a time foul and the attempt is a miss.

Poles are manufactured with ratings corresponding to the vaulter's maximum weight. As a safety precaution, some organizations forbid use of poles rated below the vaulter's weight. The recommended weight roughly corresponds to a flex rating that is determined by the manufacturer by applying a standardized amount of stress (most commonly 23 kgf (230 N or 50 lb)) on the pole and measuring how much the center of the pole is displaced. Therefore, two poles rated at the same weight are not necessarily the same stiffness.

Pole stiffness and length are important factors to a vaulter's performance. Therefore, it is not uncommon for an elite vaulter to carry as many as ten poles to a competition. The effective length of a pole can be changed by gripping the pole higher or lower in relation to the top of the pole. The left and right handgrips are typically a bit more than shoulder width apart. Poles are manufactured for people of all skill levels and body sizes, with lengths between 3.05 m and 5.30 m and a wide range of weight ratings. Each manufacturer determines the weight rating for the pole and the location of the maximum handhold band.

Technology

Competitive pole vaulting began using solid ash poles. As the heights attained increased, bamboo poles gave way to tubular aluminum, which was tapered at each end. Today's pole vaulters benefit from poles produced by wrapping pre-cut sheets of fiberglass that contains resin around a metal pole mandrel, to produce a slightly curved pole that bends more easily under the compression caused by an athlete's take-off. The shape of the fiberglass sheets and the amount of fiberglass used is carefully planned to provide the desired length and stiffness of pole. Different fiber types, including carbon fiber, are used to give poles specific characteristics intended to promote higher jumps. In recent years, carbon fiber has been added to the commonly used E-glass (E for initial electrical use) and S-glass (S for solid) materials to create a lighter pole.

As in the high jump, the landing area was originally a heap of sawdust or sand where athletes landed on their feet. As technology enabled higher vaults, mats evolved into bags of large chunks of foam. Today's mats are foam usually 1 - thick. They are usually built up with two cross-laid square section logs with gaps between them, topped by a solid layer of foam of the same thickness. This lattice construction is wrapped in a close-fitting cover topped with nylon mesh, which allows some air to escape, thus combining both foam and a measure of air cushioning. The final layer is a large mat of mesh-covered foam which is clipped around the edges of the complete pit and prevents the athlete from falling between the individual bags. The size of mats used has been increasing in area to minimize the risk of injury. Proper landing technique is on the back or shoulders. Landing on the feet should be avoided, to eliminate the risk of injury to the lower extremities, particularly ankle sprains.

Rule changes over the years have resulted in larger landing areas and additional padding of all hard and unyielding surfaces.

The pole vault crossbar has evolved from a triangular aluminum bar to a round fiberglass bar with rubber ends. This is balanced on standards and can be knocked off when it is hit by a pole vaulter or the pole. Rule changes have led to shorter pegs and crossbar ends that are semi-circular.

Technique

Although many techniques are used by vaulters at various skill levels to clear the bar, the generally accepted technical model can be broken down into several phases.

Approach

During the approach the pole vaulter sprints down the runway in such a way as to achieve maximum speed and correct position to initiate takeoff at the end of the approach. A tape measure is laid on the runway so vaulters know exactly where to start their run from. Each vaulter has a certain starting distance, dependent on how many steps away from the box they start. Top class vaulters use approaches with 18 to 22 strides, often referred to as a "step" in which every other foot is counted as one step. For example when a vaulter takes 18 strides, it would be referred to as a 9-step, as 22 strides would be an 11-step. The run-up to the vaulting pit begins forcefully with the vaulter running powerfully in a relaxed, upright position with knees lifted and torso leaning very slightly forward. Right handed vaulters will start with a step back with their right foot before starting the run, left handed vaulters with their left back to begin. The head, shoulders and hips are aligned, the vaulter increasing speed as the body becomes erect. The tip of the vaulting pole is angled higher than eye level until three paces from takeoff, when the pole tip descends efficiently, amplifying run speed as the pole is planted into the vault box. The faster the vaulter can run and the more efficient their take-off is, the greater the kinetic energy that can be achieved and used during the vault.

Plant and take-off

The plant and take-off is initiated typically three steps out from the final step. Vaulters will usually count their steps backwards from their starting point to the box only counting the steps taken on the left foot (vice versa for left-handers). For example, a vaulter on a "ten count" (referring to the number of counted steps from the starting point to the box) would count backwards from ten, only counting the steps taken with the left foot. These last three steps are normally quicker than the previous strides and are referred to as the "turn-over". The goal of this phase is to efficiently translate the kinetic energy accumulated from the approach into potential energy stored by the elasticity of the pole, and to gain as much initial vertical height as possible by jumping off the ground. The plant starts with the vaulter raising their arms up from around the hips or mid-torso until they are fully outstretched above the head, with the right arm extended directly above the head and the left arm extended perpendicular to the pole (vice versa for left-handed vaulters). At the same time, the vaulter is dropping the pole tip into the box. On the final step, the vaulter jumps off the trail leg which should always remain straight and then drives the front knee forward. As the pole slides into the back of the box the pole begins to bend and the vaulter continues up and forward, leaving the trail leg angled down and behind, the body in a backwards 'C' position.

Swing up

The swing and row simply consists of the vaulter swinging the trail leg forward and rowing the pole, bringing the top arm down to the hips, while trying to keep the trail leg straight to store more potential energy into the pole, the rowing motion also keeps the pole bent for a longer period of time for the vaulter to get into optimum position. When parallel to the pole the left arm hugs the pole tight to efficiently use the recoil within the pole. The goal is to carry out these motions as thoroughly and as quickly as possible; it is a race against the unbending of the pole. Effectively, this causes a double pendulum motion, with the top of the pole moving forward and pivoting from the box, while the vaulter acts as a second pendulum pivoting from the right hand. This action gives the vaulter the best position possible to be "ejected" off the pole. The swing continues until the hips are above the head and the arms are pulling the pole close to the chest; from there the vaulter shoots their legs up over the cross bar while keeping the pole close.

Extension

The extension refers to the extension of the hips upward with outstretched legs as the shoulders drive down, causing the vaulter to be positioned upside down. This position is often referred to as "inversion". While this phase is executed, the pole begins to recoil, propelling the vaulter quickly upward. The hands of the vaulter remain close to the body as they move from the shins back to the region around the hips and upper torso.

Turn

The turn is executed immediately during the end of the rockback. As the name implies, the vaulter turns 180° toward the pole while extending the arms down past the head and shoulders. Typically the vaulter will begin to angle their body toward the bar as the turn is executed, although ideally the vaulter will remain as vertical as possible. The motion of the vaulter can be described as a spin around an imaginary axis from head to toe.

Fly-away

This is often highly emphasized by spectators and novice vaulters, but it is the easiest phase of the vault and is a result of proper execution of previous phases. This phase mainly consists of the vaulter pushing off the pole and releasing it so the pole falls away from the crossbar and mats. As the torso goes over and around the crossbar, the vaulter is facing the crossbar. Rotation of the body over the bar occurs naturally, and the vaulter's main concern is making sure that his arms, face and any other appendages do not knock the bar off as they go over. Vaulters aim to whip their upper torso around the top of the cross bar to ensure their elbows and face do not knock it off. The elite vaulter's center of gravity passes underneath the crossbar when they have their hips in the highest position like the crotch of an upside-down 'V'. The vaulter should land near the middle of the foam landing mats, or pit, face up. Landing on the feet or stomach first may lead to injuries or other problems.

Terminology

; barBar: The cross bar that is suspended above the ground by the standards. ; boxBox: A trapezoidal indentation in the ground with a metal or fiberglass covering at the end of the runway in which vaulters "plant" their pole. The back wall of the box is nearly vertical and is approximately 8 in in depth. The bottom of the box gradually slopes upward approximately 3 ft until it is level with the runway. The covering in the box ensures the pole will slide to the back of the box without catching on anything. The covering's lip overlaps onto the runway and ensures a smooth transition from all-weather surface so a pole being planted does not catch on the box. ; kneeDrive knee: During the plant phase, the knee is driven forward at the time of "takeoff" to help propel the vaulter upward. ; gripGrip: The location of the vaulter's top hand on the pole. As the vaulter improves, their grip may move up the pole incrementally. The other hand is typically placed shoulder-width down from the top hand. Hands are not allowed to grip the very top of the pole (their hand perpendicular to the pole) for safety reasons. ; jump footJump foot: The foot that the vaulter uses to leave the ground as they begin their vault. It is also referred to as the take-off foot. ; pitPit: The mats used for landing in pole vault. ; plant positionPlant position: The position a vaulter is in the moment the pole reaches the back of the box and the vaulter begins their vault. Their arms are fully extended and their drive knee begins to come up as they jump. ; polePole: The fiberglass equipment used to propel the vaulter up and over the bar. One side is stiffer than the other to facilitate the bending of the pole after the plant. A vaulter may rest the pole on their arm to determine which side is the stiff side. ; standardsStandards: The equipment that holds the bar at a particular height above the ground. Standards may be adjusted to raise and lower the bar and also to adjust the horizontal position of the bar. ; stepsSteps: Since the box is in a fixed position, vaulters must adjust their approach to ensure they are in the correct position when attempting to vault. ; swing legSwing leg or trail leg: The swing leg is also the jump foot. After a vaulter has left the ground, the leg that was last touching the ground stays extended and swings forward to help propel the vaulter upwards. ; Volzing: A method of holding or pushing the bar back onto the pegs while jumping over a height. This takes considerable skill, although it is now against the rules and counted as a miss. The technique is named after U.S. Olympian Dave Volz, who made an art form of the practice and surprised many by making the U.S. Olympic team in 1992.

All-time top 25

• .

Men (outdoor)

Women (outdoor)

Men (indoor)

Women (indoor)

Six metres club

The "six metres club" consists of pole vaulters who have reached at least . In 1985 Sergey Bubka became the first pole vaulter to clear six metres.

Five metres club

Four women have cleared 5 metres. Yelena Isinbayeva was the first to clear on 22 July 2005. On 2 March 2013, Jennifer Suhr cleared indoors to become the second. Sandi Morris cleared on 9 September 2016, to become the third. Anzhelika Sidorova cleared at the Diamond League final in Zürich on 9 September 2021.

Milestones

This is a list of the first time a milestone mark was cleared.

This is a list of the first-time milestones for women.

Olympic medalists

Men

Women

World Championships medalists

Men

Women

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

• Known as the World Indoor Games

Women

Season's bests

Men

Women

References

1. De Castro, Dylan. (21 August 2012). "Ancient Pole Vaulting".
2. Rosenbaum, Mike. [http://trackandfield.about.com/od/polevault/p/profileisinbaye.htm Yelena Isinbayeva: Pole Vault Record-Breaker] {{Webarchive. link. (6 September 2015 . About Track and Field. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.)
3. Rudman, Steve (31 May 2013). [http://sportspressnw.com/2152412/2013/huskies-vault-legend-brian-sternberg-1943-13 Huskies vault legend Brian Sternberg (1943–13)]. Sports Press NW. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.
4. Memmel, Eliah. (May 2017). "Development of Pole Vaulting Safety and Technology".
5. Turnbull, Simon (13 June 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics/kate-dennison-it-helps-being-a-little-bit-crazy-1704055.html Kate Dennison: 'It helps being a little bit crazy']. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved on 15 June 2009.
6. "Track Goals All Too Low" (Associated Press story). The Sunday Press (Binghamton, NY), 4 February 1962, 5D.
7. "How fair is a flip with the flexible pole?" LIFE, 22 February 1963, 36.
8. Maule, Tex. "He Could Do It on Bamboo." Sports Illustrated, 26 February 1963, 12.
9. (2009). "12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009.". IAAF Media & Public Relations Department.
10. McCormick, Matthew (26 February 2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140226041417/http://illumin.usc.edu/printer/143/soaring-to-new-heights-the-evolution-of-pole-vaulting-and-pole-materials/ "Soaring to New Heights: The Evolution of Pole Vaulting and Pole Materials"] Retrieved on 19 February 2024.
11. McGinnis, Peter. (December 2015). "Mechanics of the pole vault".
12. "How to Do the Pole Vault in Track and Field". ThoughtCo.
13. "World Athletics {{!}} Pole Vault - men - senior - all".
14. [http://www.worldathletics.org/records/toplists/jumps/pole-vault/outdoor/women/senior Pole Vault – women – senior – outdoor]. World Athletics. Retrieved on 9 July 2021.
15. [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2025/sep/15/world-athletics-championships-2025-armand-duplantis-goes-for-pole-vault-gold-hurdles-finals-and-more-live#block-68c818f68f086519d3272908 World Athletics Championships 2025: Duplantis soars to pole vault gold and new world record – live] The Guardian
16. (12 August 2025). "Duplantis breaks world pole vault record on Budapest return".
17. "Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.28m in Stockholm".
18. "Ingebrigtsen and Duplantis break world records in Silesia".
19. "FLASH: Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.25m at Paris Olympics".
20. (20 April 2024). "FLASH: Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.24m in Xiamen".
21. "Tsegay smashes world 5000m record and Duplantis breaks world pole vault record in Eugene".
22. Simon Turnbull. (30 June 2022). "Duplantis scales 6.16m in Stockholm for highest ever outdoor vault". World Athletics.
23. (21 August 2024). "Pole Vault Results".
24. Bregman, Scott. (13 June 2025). "Diamond League Oslo 2025: Mondo Duplantis cruises to victory with meeting record".
25. (24 June 2025). "2025 Ostrava Golden Spike - Men's Pole vault results".
26. (27 June 2023). "Pole Vault Results". ČAS.
27. Cathal Dennehy. (4 June 2023). "Duplantis vaults world-leading meeting record of 6.11m in Hengelo". World Athletics.
28. (13 September 2024). "Pole Vault Results".
29. (3 May 2025). "Pole Vault Men Final".
30. Goh, ZK. (6 June 2021). "Sifan Hassan smashes women's 10,000m world record by over 10 seconds in Hengelo".
31. Chris Broadbent. (6 August 2022). "Fraser-Pryce flies to world-leading 10.66 in Silesia". World Athletics.
32. Jess Whittington. (26 August 2022). "Ingebrigtsen, Rojas and Lyles light up Lausanne". World Athletics.
33. "Treble for Lyles and a relay championship record on night when Kipyegon and Duplantis shine".
34. (8 September 2023). "Pole Vault Result". sportresult.com.
35. (12 June 2024). "Mondo flies to championship record as Mihambo and Vadlejch also grab gold at Roma 2024".
36. (16 August 2025). "Pole Vault Results".
37. (2 August 2025). "Karalis clears 6.08m in Volos as records fall around the world, athletes target Tokyo".
38. (3 June 2023). "KC Lightfoot breaks American record in men's pole vault".
39. Roy Jordan. (28 July 2019). "Kendricks tops 6.06m in Des Moines". IAAF.
40. (15 August 2016). "Men's Pole Vault Results". Rio 2016 official website.
41. Mike Rowbottom. (12 July 2019). "Lisek improves to 6.02m in Monaco – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF.
42. (12 August 2018). "Men's Pole Vault Results". European Athletics.
43. Michael McCleary. "Watch Coyotes alum Chris Nilsen eclipse 6 meters competing at University of South Dakota".
44. (10 June 2023). "Obiena joins pole vault's six-metre club in Bergen". World Athletics.
45. (9 September 2021). "Pole Vault Result". sportresult.com.
46. (9 September 2016). "Pole Vault Results". sportresult.com.
47. (29 September 2019). "Pole Vault Results". IAAF.
48. Jon Mulkeen. (18 July 2018). "McCartney vaults world-leading 4.94m in Jockgrim". IAAF.
49. (22 June 2024). "Great Britain's Molly Caudery sets new pole vault national record".
50. (6 August 2017). "2017 World Athletics Championships - Women's pole vault final results".
51. (23 August 2023). "2023 World Athletics Championships - Women's pole vault final results". World Athletics.
52. (12 July 2024). "2024 Herculis - Women's pole vault final result".
53. Biscayart. (3 July 2016). "Murer soars over South American record of 4.87m at Brazilian Championships". IAAF.
54. (17 August 2022). "2022 European Athletics Championships - Women's pole vault final results". European Athletics.
55. Ibrahim, Abdulhamid. (7 August 2024). "Alysha Newman sets Canadian record to capture women's pole vault bronze medal". The Canadian Press.
56. (4 July 2015). "2015 Meeting Areva - Women's pole vault results".
57. (3 August 2020). "Meijer clears a Swedish record of 4.83m in Norrköping". European Athletics.
58. (29 January 2016). "Alana Boyd breaks Australian pole vault record to surge into Rio medal running". The Sydney Morning Herald.
59. (16 September 2023). "2023 Prefontaine Classic - Women's pole vault results". Diamond League.
60. (16 June 2024). "Pole Vault Result".
61. (28 February 2025). "Mondo Duplantis breaks men's pole vault world record for 11th time".
62. "FLASH: Duplantis breaks world pole vault record with 6.22m in Clermont-Ferrand {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics".
63. (20 March 2022). "Pole Vault Final Results". World Athletics.
64. (7 March 2022). "Duplantis sets world pole vault record of 6.19m in Belgrade". World Athletics.
65. (16 February 2014). "Sergei Bubka's pole vault record broken by Renaud Lavillenie". BBC Sport.
66. (22 March 2025). "Pole Vault Final Results".
67. (3 February 2023). "Duplantis and Warholm open seasons with world-leading marks". World Athletics.
68. (14 February 2025). "Pole Vault Results".
69. (10 February 2023). "Duplantis and Prescod break meeting records, Craft throws world best in Berlin". World Athletics.
70. (19 February 2022). "Hodgkinson and Duplantis smash stadium records in Birmingham". World Athletics.
71. (5 March 2022). "2022 Perche Elite Tour Results". [[World Athletics]].
72. (6 March 2022). "Nilsen and Sutej soar as records fall in Rouen". [[World Athletics]].
73. (3 March 2024). "Pole Vault Results". World Athletics.
74. Bregman, Scott. (14 March 2025). "Mondo Duplantis wins 2025 Mondo Classic, misses out on 12th world record".
75. (22 March 2025). "Pole Vault Final Results".
76. (14 February 2021). "KC Lightfoot Soars 6.00m to Smash his own NCAA Pole Vault Record".
77. "Collegiate records fall on first day of NCAA Indoor Championships {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics".
78. (20 March 2022). "Pole Vault Final Results". World Athletics.
79. (24 February 2024). "EJ Obiena erases 26-year Asian record in ruling Berlin event". Spin.ph.
80. (30 January 2016). "Jenn Suhr Sets Indoor Pole Vault World Record". flotrack.org.
81. Bob Ramsak. (1 March 2020). "Indoor round-up: Thiam breaks Belgian indoor long jump record, Stark clocks world U20 indoor 60m hurdles record". World Athletics.
82. (30 August 2023). "Pole Vault Results".
83. "Pole Vault Results".
84. (21 February 2016). "Stefanidi and Payne clear 4.90m at Millrose Games – indoor round-up". IAAF.
85. (24 February 2024). "World pole vault leads for Duplantis and Caudery in France".
86. Jon Mulkeen. (10 February 2024). "Tsegay, Girma and Holloway threaten world indoor records in Lievin".
87. (25 February 2019). "Indoor round-up: Brazier clocks 600m world best in New York, Lisek and Kendricks clear 5.93m world lead in Clermont-Ferrand". IAAF.
88. (19 February 2022). "2022 All Star Perche by Quartus Results". World Athletics.
89. (7 January 2024). "Murto vaults into the 2024 season with a 4.81m clearance in Kuortane".
90. Jon Mulkeen. (17 February 2022). "Ingebrigtsen breaks world indoor 1500m record in Liévin". World Athletics.
91. "Pole Vault Results".
92. US unit calculator for unofficial [http://www.usatf.org/statistics/calculators/markConversions/ mark conversions] in athletic events, hosted by ''USATF.org''
93. "Track and Field Statistics".
94. Note: [[Earle Meadows]] cleared the same height minutes later in the same competition
95. Note: George cleared {{T&Fcalc. 4.28
96. Note: George cleared {{T&Fcalc. 4.58