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Plunge for distance

Former diving event

Plunge for distance
Summary

Former diving event

FieldValue
namePlunging
imagePlunge For Distance Handley 1918.jpg
imagesize300px
captionCompetitor floating after plunging (1918)
first1800s.
English championship created in 1883.
categoryAquatics
olympic1904 only

English championship created in 1883.

The plunge for distance is a diving event that enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 19th and early part of the 20th century, even being included as an official event in the 1904 Summer Olympics. By the 1920s, it began to lose its popularity and slowly disappeared from U.S. and English swim competitions.

Description

Handley, Louis de B.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MOcWAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22plunging+for+distance%22&pg=PA98 Swimming and watermanship], p. 98 (1918)</ref> The 60-second limitation appears to have been instituted at the English Plunging Championship around 1893.<ref name=&quot;1893limit&quot;>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hJhLAAAAYAAJ&dq=plunging+%22t.h.+clarke%22&pg=PA173 Spalding's official athletic almanac for 1910], p. 173</ref>
John Kiernan]], sports writer for the ''New York Times'', once described the event as the &quot;slowest thing in the way of athletic competition&quot;, and that &quot;the stylish-stout chaps who go in for this strenuous event merely throw themselves heavily into the water and float along like icebergs in the ship lanes.&quot;<ref name=&quot;icebergs&quot;>Kieran, John (16 March 1930). [https://www.nytimes.com/1930/03/16/archives/sports-of-the-times-here-and-there-odds-and-ends.html Sports of the Times], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Similarly, an 1893 English report on the sport noted that spectators were not enamored of it, as the diver &quot;moves after thirty or forty feet at a pace somewhat akin to a snail, and to the uninitiated the contests appear absolute wastes of time.&quot;<ref name=&quot;1893swimreport2&quot;>Henry, William and Sinclair, Archibland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfgWAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22plunging+championship%22&pg=PA111 Swimming], p.110-19, 411 (1893)</ref>

History

Walsh, John Henry]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZMXAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22ilex+swimming+club%22+harvey&pg=PA720 British rural sports], p. 720-21 (13th ed. 1877)</ref>
Leo Goodwin]] (front row, center)]] The English [[Amateur Swimming Association]] (at the time called the Swimming Association of Great Britain) first started a &quot;plunging championship&quot; in 1883.<ref name=&quot;1893swimreport2&quot;/><ref name=&quot;1883enc&quot;>Cox, Richard et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWQTAQAAIAAJ&q=plunging+1883 Ref Encyclopedia of British sport], p. 111 (2000)</ref> By 1900 the &quot;plunge for distance&quot; event was being regularly mentioned in reports on U.S. swimming meets, and was mentioned in the ''New York Times'' and ''Brooklyn Eagle'' at least as far back as 1898.<ref name=&quot;1898-one&quot;>(23 October 1898). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E16F83F5C11738DDDAA0A94D8415B8885F0D3 Club Chat About Sports], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref name=&quot;eagle98&quot;>(16 July 1898). [http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AW=1311885284515&AppName=2&GZ=T Knickerbocker A.C. Sports], ''Brooklyn Eagle''</ref>

The event is best remembered today for its one-and-only Olympic appearance in 1904. William Dickey of the USA won the gold medal with a distance of 62 feet 6 inches, which remains the Olympic record. However, there were only five participants in the event, all from the United States and the New York Athletic Club. Dickey's teammates Edgar Adams and Leo Goodwin took the silver and bronze medals, respectively.

Dickey's Olympic victory was far short of the world record at the time, which for a 60-second limit competition had been set at 79 feet 3 inches by W. Taylor of Bootle, England in September 1902. (Without a time limit, Taylor had also traveled 82 feet in 73.6 seconds.)

Though it never returned to the Olympics, the event remained a standard event in U.S. amateur and collegiate sporting events for some time. By 1912, S.B. Willis, a plunger at the University of Pennsylvania covered 80 feet in 60 seconds, breaking the prior U.S. record of 75 feet 11 inches held by Millard Kaiser.

By 1917 several attempts had been made to abolish the event at college and other competitions in the United States, and the NCAA dropped it in 1925. The English A.S.A. reportedly ceased holding its official plunging championship after 1937, though some sources say it ran through 1946.

Female swimmers also competed in the plunge. American swimmer Charlotte Boyle (also a 1920 Olympian) set the American record a few times between 1917 and 1920, reaching 66 feet at an exhibition meet in March 1920. Two Detroit Northern High School students, Helen Nolan and Dorothy McWood, set records in the early 1920s, which McWood reportedly setting a new American record of 66 feet 10 inches in April 1922. Hilda Dand set a new world record of 71 feet in 1925.

On the men's side, Bootle's last record of 82 feet 7 inches set in 1906 stood for 14 years, until broken by two inches by 17-year-old Fred Schwedt of Detroit in 1920. English swimmer Francis Parrington smashed that record in 1926 by traveling 85 feet 6 inches, and in 1933 he hit 86 feet 8 inches, which remains the world record.

In 1941, sportswriter John Kieran referenced the sport as once "a regular event in swimming meets" but "now abandoned."

There is some evidence that the quirky nature of the sport is occasionally gaining the attention of modern swimmers. In June 2012, Danish female swimmer Laura Funch successfully plunged the full length of a 25 m pool in approximately 101 seconds. Divers approached at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the press about the sport also found it fascinating. Furthermore, the Michigan State University men's and women's swimming teams participate in this event annually at their yearly held Alumni Swimming Meet, and keep records for The Plunge event, following the same rules previously used in the early 20th century.

Variations

A feet first plunge. Swimmers were cautioned to watch their heads before attempting this older variation.]]In shorter pools, a variation of the event was based on how fast the contestant traveled the length of the pool. For example, in 1927, it was reported that R.E. Howell had set a new world's record in a 60-foot tank, going &quot;the length of the pool in 0:14 2–5.&quot;<ref name=&quot;howell27&quot;>(17 February 1927). [https://www.nytimes.com/1927/02/17/archives/howell-of-chicago-aa-sets-new-worlds-mark-in-plunge.html Howell of Chicago A.A. Sets New World's Mark in Plunge], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Competitions were also reported at 75-foot lengths.<ref name=&quot;75foot1&quot;>(17 January 1920). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA081EFA345C10738DDDAE0994D9405B808EF1D3 Yale Swimmers Defeat Columbia], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (reporting that Richard Meagher of Yale had set a new collegiate record of 47 4–5 seconds)</ref>

An 1893 English book on swimming also notes the existence of a variation of plunging where participants dive feet first, which it reports to already be rarely practiced.

In all plunge events, because divers could not control where they drifted after diving, typically one diver competed at a time. A 1922 A.A.U. rule change planned to make plungers dive in groups, causing concern that collisions would inevitably occur among participants.

Records

Compiling accurate details of record plunges presents some difficulty, as sometimes records were set in exhibition competitions, and American and English sources do not always seem to check to see whether a claimed "world record" was perhaps only a national record, but available sources do appear to confirm the following records:

Men's distance plunge world record (60 second limit)

  • 86 feet 8 inches. Set on 23 September 1933 by British swimmer F.W. Parrington, the current world record
  • 85 feet 10 inches. 1927 by F.W. Parrington
  • 85 feet 6 inches. September 1926 by F.W. Parrington
  • 84 feet 6 inches, March 7, 1924 by Ted Abrams (US)
  • 82 feet 9 inches. 1 March 1920 by American Fred Schwedt.
  • 82 feet 7 inches. 5 September 1906 by W. Taylor, at Bootle, England
  • 79 feet 3 inches. 3 September 1902 by W. Taylor at Bootle.
  • 78 feet 9 inches. 14 September 1898 by British swimmer W. Taylor
  • 75 feet 7 inches. 10 October 1888 by British swimmer G.A. Blake at Lambeth Baths**
  • 76 feet 3 inches. 15 July 1886 by British swimmer B. Jones (contested)
  • 73 feet 1 inch. 15 March 1880, by J. Strickland, in Melbourne. However, dive was reportedly from 5 feet above water.
  • 68 feet 4 inches. 17 July 1879 by R. Green, Liverpool.
  • 65 feet. 31 July 1879 by T. Ingram, in London. Reported as best on record at the time by British Sporting Life.
  • 62 feet 8 inches. 13 October 1876 by H.J. Green, in London (though he was penalized 6 feet for unknown reasons, so accuracy may be dubious)
  • 62 feet 7 inches. 1 October 1878 by Horace Davenport.
  • 56 feet 8 inches. 1870 by F. Young.
    • The English Plunging Championship instituted a 60-second time limit in 1893, so records prior to 1893 may be for longer times.

Men's 60-foot plunge (best time)

  • 14.4 sec. (handheld) 16 February 1927 by Richard E. Howell (Chicago).
  • 15.4 sec. 1923 by Nathaniel T. Guernsey, Jr. of Yale University. (also set records in 75-foot plunge)
  • 15.6 sec. 27 February 1918 by John P. Lichter.
  • 16.8 sec. 30 January 1918 by Benjamin H. Princell.
  • 17.4 sec, J.P. Lichter.
  • 18.8 sec. 26 February 1916 by J.C.Redmond
  • 19 sec. 16 February 1916 by John P. Lichter.
  • 19.2 sec. 8 December 1915 by Craig Redmond.
  • 21.6 sec. 25 February 1914 by John P. Lichter.

Women's distance plunge record (60-second limit)

  • 71 feet. 1925 by Hilda Dand of Westminster, England
  • 70 feet 6 inches. 1933 by Dorothy Rennie in Vancouver, is likely the Canadian record.
  • 68 feet 1 inch. 1920 by Hilda Dand.
  • 66 feet 10 inches. Set in April 1922 by Detroit high school student Dorothy McWood. Reported as a world record in United States, though Dand may have plunged 68 feet 1 in. in 1920 (see above), in which case it would be only an American record. In December 1924, however, the American men's college committee on swimming records officially stated that the American scholastic record was 62 feet 8 inches, set by McWood.
  • 66 feet. Late 1919 by Hilda Dand in England. Charlotte Boyle matched this length in March 1920 in the United States.

Women's 60-foot plunge (best time)

  • 46 seconds, Alice Van Hoe, reported as United States collegiate record as of 31 December 1924.

Notable plungers

Fred Schwedt, set a new world record in 1920 at age 17
  • Edgar Adams – Silver medalist at 1904 Summer Olympics, he subsequently set the U.S. plunge record a few times, last setting a record of 70 feet in December 1906.
  • G.A. Blake – English plunger who set record mark of 75 feet 7 inches on 10 October 1888.
  • Charlotte Boyle – set U.S. female records in the plunge, also competed as a swimmer in the 1920 Olympics.
  • Horace Davenport (died 1925) – English plunger who won competitions in the 1870s and 1880s, including 1884, 1885, and 1886 English Plunging Championship. Also known for plunging feet first. Davenport also was known for endurance swims.
  • William Dickey – U.S. plunger from the New York Athletic Club, and winner of the 1904 Olympic gold medal
  • Fred Schwedt (1902–1986) – U.S. plunger who set a reported world record at age 17 of 82 feet 9 inches on 1 March 1920, beating the 1906 mark set by W. Taylor. Schwedt was reportedly able to coast 75 feet after 90 days of practice.
  • W. Taylor – Set world records in both 1-minute and untimed competitions in the late 1890s. On 14 September 1898, he floated 78 feet 9 inches in 60 seconds, setting the English A.S.A. record. In September 1902, he made it to 79 feet 3 inches. On 6 September 1899 he plunged 82 feet in 73.6 seconds. In 1906, he reached 82 feet 7 inches, a world record which stood for many years.
  • Francis Winder (F.W.) Parrington – The current world record holder for total distance, whose mark of 86 feet 8 inches was set on 23 September 1933. Parrington reportedly won the English Plunging Championship 11 times between 1926 and 1939. In September 1926, Parrington broke Taylor's (and presumably Schwedt's) distance record, setting a new mark of 85 feet 6 inches. A police officer, Parrington died during the Liverpool Blitz on 8 May 1941, at age 42. In 1986, he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. Parrington's son was also a swimmer, and his grandson David Parrington competed for Zimbabwe at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
  • Charles H. Pyrah – Set the United States' plunge record of 63 feet in 1902. Finished fifth (and last) in 1904 Olympics.

References

References

  1. Kehm, Greg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U2Kr_xFY2eUC&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA14 Olympic Swimming and Diving], p. 14 (2007)
  2. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SbVdPkXXc1MC&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA85 Official Swimming Guide 1919–20], p. 85-86 (1920)
  3. [[Louis Handley
  4. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hJhLAAAAYAAJ&dq=plunging+%22t.h.+clarke%22&pg=PA173 Spalding's official athletic almanac for 1910], p. 173
  5. Barnes, Gerald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KMa1s8PGyeYC&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA44 Swimming and Diving], p.44-47 (1922)
  6. Kieran, John (16 March 1930). [https://www.nytimes.com/1930/03/16/archives/sports-of-the-times-here-and-there-odds-and-ends.html Sports of the Times], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  7. Henry, William and Sinclair, Archibland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfgWAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22plunging+championship%22&pg=PA111 Swimming], p.110-19, 411 (1893)
  8. Wilson, William. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jUYCAAAAQAAJ&dq=plunging+swimming&pg=PA60 The swimming instructor], p. 60-64 (1883)
  9. (2 August 1845). [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3AXAAAAYAAJ&dq=plunging+swimming&pg=PA245 Swimming – Section III – How To Go Into The Water – Plunging], ''The Sportsman's magazine''
  10. [[John Henry Walsh
  11. Cox, Richard et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JWQTAQAAIAAJ&q=plunging+1883 Ref Encyclopedia of British sport], p. 111 (2000)
  12. (23 October 1898). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E16F83F5C11738DDDAA0A94D8415B8885F0D3 Club Chat About Sports], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  13. (16 July 1898). [http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Skins/BEagle/Client.asp?Skin=BEagle&AW=1311885284515&AppName=2&GZ=T Knickerbocker A.C. Sports], ''Brooklyn Eagle''
  14. MAtthews, George & Marshall, Sandra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xnS0-fMludUC&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA86 St. Louis Olympics, 1904], p.85-86 (Arcadia 2003)
  15. (October 1904). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yzUCAAAAYAAJ&dq=plunge+dickey&pg=RA3-PA13 Olympic Swimming Championships], ''New York Athletic Club Journal''
  16. link. (28 August 2012 , ''Ottawa Citizen'')
  17. Matthews, George R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WKRUmep515oC&q=plunge&pg=PA165 America's first Olympics: the St. Louis games of 1904], p. 163 (2005)
  18. Thomas, Ralph. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ZAAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22w.+taylor%22+plunge&pg=PA149 Swimming], p. 149-50 (1904)
  19. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fhXcMeBOdKoC&dq=Pyrah+plunge&pg=PA43 Spalding's athletic almanac], p. 43 (1903)
  20. Corsan, George Hebden. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJLAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA150 At home in the water: swimming, diving, life saving, water sports, natatoriums], p.150 (1914)
  21. Colby, Frank Moore (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=q2IMAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA695 The New international year book], p. 695 (1913)
  22. (10 March 1912). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FA385E13738DDDA90994DB405B828DF1D3 Willis Best Plunger], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  23. (9 September 1917). [https://www.nytimes.com/1917/09/09/archives/favors-retaining-distance-plunge-manley-and-other-swimming-experts.html FAVORS RETAINING DISTANCE PLUNGE], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  24. (13 October 1913). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C13FD3C5417738DDDAA0994D8415B838DF1D3 College Swimmers Meet], ''[[The New York Times]]'' ("An attempt was also made to have the plunge for distance abandoned in favor of a fifty-yard back-stroke race, but the motion did not go through.")
  25. (16 April 1925). [https://www.nytimes.com/1925/04/16/archives/swim-body-adopts-dead-start-system-national-collegiate-association.html Swim Body Adopts 'Dead Start' System: National Collegiate Association Also Abolishes the Plunge for Distance], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  26. Bryom, Glen (15 July 2010). [http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/24533.asp Zimbabwe's Frank Parrington, 85], ''[[Swimming World Magazine]]''
  27. Keiran, John (20 January 1941). [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/01/20/88098146.pdf Plunging Ahead Through Hot Water], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  28. (26 June 2012). [http://www.swimmersdaily.com/2012/06/26/laura-funch-den-25-meters-in-the-plunge-for-distance/ Laura Funch (DEN), 25 meters in the plunge for distance], ''Swimmer's Daily''
  29. "Plunge for distance, tug of war: The Olympics' sad history of defunct medal events". Washington Post.
  30. (17 February 1927). [https://www.nytimes.com/1927/02/17/archives/howell-of-chicago-aa-sets-new-worlds-mark-in-plunge.html Howell of Chicago A.A. Sets New World's Mark in Plunge], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  31. (17 January 1920). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA081EFA345C10738DDDAE0994D9405B808EF1D3 Yale Swimmers Defeat Columbia], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (reporting that Richard Meagher of Yale had set a new collegiate record of 47 4–5 seconds)
  32. (8 January 1922). [https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/08/archives/swimming-rules-arouse-criticism-changes-adopted-by-aau-fail-to.html Swimming Rules Arouse Criticism], ''[[The New York Times]]''
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  36. (3 February 1883). [http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%207/New%20York%20NY%20Wilkes%20Spirit%20Of%20The%20Times/New%20York%20NY%20Spirit%20Of%20Times%201883%20Jan-Dec%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Spirit%20Of%20Times%201883%20Jan-Dec%20Grayscale%20-%200091.pdf Amateur Swimming – Plunging], ''[[Spirit of the Times]]''
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  40. Eckersall, Walter (28 February 1918). [https://archive.today/20130131204740/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/369940182.html?dids=369940182:369940182&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+28,+1918&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=LIGHTER+OF+C.+A.+A.+SHATTERS+WORLD'S+RECORD+FOR+PLUNGE&pqatl=google Lichter of C.A.A. Shatters World's Record for Plunge], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
  41. [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/01/31/103454352.pdf Princell Sets New Mark in Tank], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (claimed world's record)
  42. Eckersall, Walter (31 January 1918). [https://archive.today/20130201010141/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/369889782.html?dids=369889782:369889782&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+31,+1918&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=C.+A.+A.+NATATOR+BREAKS+WORLD+PLUNGE+RECORD&pqatl=google C.A.A. Natator Breaks World Plunge Record], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
  43. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq4ZAAAAYAAJ&dq=redmond&pg=PA183 Handbook for Comrades], p. 183 (1920)
  44. (18 February 1916). [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/02/18/104665825.pdf New Plunge Record], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  45. (9 December 1915.) [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AZY_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=y1UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3794,4076321&dq= Claims New Record for 60-Foot Plunge], ''Bakersfield Californian''
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  51. (2 December 1906). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F10F63C5A12738DDDAB0894DA415B868CF1D3 New Swimming Records at New York A.C. Races], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  52. (24 February 1907). [https://www.nytimes.com/1907/02/24/archives/new-records-for-swimmer-daniels-lowers-best-time-between-250-and.html New Records for Swimmer Daniels], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  53. Outing]]'' (September 1914)
  54. (12 November 1905). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1FFE3B5A12738DDDAB0994D9415B858CF1D3 Adam's Record Plunge], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (reporting that Adams had set a new American record of 69 feet)
  55. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-FkMAAAAYAAJ&dq=plunge+%22G.A.+blake%22&pg=PA18 Chambers' encyclopædia Vol. 10], p. 18 (1892)
  56. (20 March 1920). [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/20/118311931.pdf Swimming Records Made], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (reporting that Boyle's 66 feet was both an American record and a new world's record, beating the former record of 65 feet 10 inches held by Helen Nolan of Detroit)
  57. (26 April 1922). [http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%202/Utica%20NY%20Daily%20Observer/Utica%20NY%20Observer%201922.pdf/Utica%20NY%20Observer%201922%20-%200169.pdf Sets Record], ''[[Observer-Dispatch. Utica Observer]]'' (reporting that Dorothy McWood of [[Northern High School (Detroit, Michigan). Detroit Northern High School]] had set new world's plunge record of 66 feet, 10 inches, breaking Helen Nolan's record by 8 inches)
  58. (20 March 1920). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MKxRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MCEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5251,6466600&dq= Sets New Swim Record], ''[[Milwaukee Journal]]'' (reporting that Boyle set new record in Detroit of 66 feet on 19 March 1920)
  59. (10 August 1917). [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815F6385E11738DDDA90994D0405B878DF1D3 Miss Boyle Breaks Record], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (reporting that Boyle had set a new U.S. woman's record of 62 feet)
  60. Colby, Frank Moore, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVMxAQAAMAAJ&dq=boyle&pg=PA657 The New International Year Book (for 1919)], p. 657 (1920)(reporting that Boyle set a new American women's record of 64 feet in the plunge in 1919)
  61. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T0U9AAAAYAAJ&q=plunge&pg=PA104 The Sportsman's year-book for 1880], p.104
  62. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5TfOAAAAMAAJ&q=plunge Chemist & druggist, Volume 102] ("In the 'seventies and 'eighties he held many championships, including one for a plunge of 67 ft. 4 in.")
  63. (23 April 1925). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=au0tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1IsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4343,2909540&dq=horace-davenport+1925+swimmer&hl=en Famous Swimmer Dead: Horace Davenport Had Remarkable Sporting Record], ''Montreal Gazette''
  64. (23 January 1925). [https://www.nytimes.com/1925/01/23/archives/veteran-swimmer-dies-davenport-who-swam-niagara-succumbs-in-london.html Veteran Swimmer Dies: Davenport, Who Swam Niagara, Succumbs In London], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  65. (2 March 1920). [https://www.nytimes.com/1920/03/02/archives/plunge-record-by-detroit-swimmer-fred-schwedt-sets-up-new-worlds.html Plunge Record by Detroit Swimmer], ''[[The New York Times]]''
  66. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wXLOAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22plunge+for+distance%22&pg=PA264 When Life Is At Its Spring](February 1922) (includes photo of 17-year-old Schwedt)
  67. Sinclair, Archibald and Henry, William. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DZhHAAAAIAAJ&dq=plunging+%22G.A.+blake%22+taylor&pg=PA404 Swimming], p. 405 (1916 edition)
  68. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pIJPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fw+parrington%22 Chambers's encyclopaedia], p. 816 (1927)
  69. (4 May 2011). [http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/liverpool-blitz/liverpool-blitz-stories/2011/05/04/eighteen-merseyside-police-officers-were-killed-between-may-3-and-9-during-1941-liverpool-blitz-100252-28628020/ Eighteen Merseyside police officers were killed between May 3 and 9 during 1941 Liverpool Blitz], ''[[Liverpool Echo]]''
  70. [http://www.ishof.org/Honorees/86/86fparrington.html FRANK PARRINGTON (GBR):1986 Honor Pioneer Diver], www.ishof.org, Retrieved 29 July 2011
  71. [http://www.utsports.co/sports/m-swim/mtt/parrington_dave00.html Dave Parrington], UTSports.com, Retrieved 29 July 2011
  72. (6 July 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/jul/06/joy-of-six-discontinued-olympic-sports The Joy of Six: Discontinued Olympic sports], ''[[The Guardian]]''
  73. (13 February 1903). [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/02/13/101972884.pdf Swimmers To Compete], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (identifying Pyrah as current American record holder at 63 hold)
  74. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpVRAAAAYAAJ&dq=Charles+Pyrah+plunge&pg=PA689 The American almanac, year-book, cyclopaedia and atlas], p. 689 (1904)
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