Piste

Construction

Pistes are not naturally occurring features, and must be created through human means. This can be done by "clearing" (removing the trees only) or by "grading" (clearing followed by reshaping of the surface by machines like graders).

Maintenance

Pistes are usually maintained using tracked vehicles known as snowcats to compact or "groom" the snow to even out trail conditions, remove moguls, and redistribute snow to extend the ski season. Natural snow is often augmented with snow making machines and snow reserves, early in the season or when the snowpack is low, and to ensure the snow lasts throughout the season.

Ratings

Typically, classification is done by the resort, and ratings are relative to other trails within that resort. As such, they are not classified to an independent standard; although they are likely to be roughly similar, skiers should be cautious about assuming that ratings in two different resorts are absolutely equivalent.

Europe

In Europe, pistes are classified by a color-coded system. The actual color system differs in parts for each country, although in all countries blue (easy), red (intermediate) and black (expert) are used. Shapes are often not used, sometimes all ratings are circles as being defined in the basic rules of the German Skiing Association DSV. The three basic color codes of the DSV have been integrated into the national standards DIN 32912 in Germany and ÖNORM S 4610 f in Austria.

In Scandinavia, a similar system is used with the addition of shapes, simplifying the identification of snow covered signs (see table below).

Slopes marked green, blue or red are groomed in all countries; blacks are groomed in Italy, Austria, Switzerland and Scandinavian resorts, while in France most black slopes are not groomed, but some are. All other classifications are generally not groomed. Sometimes slopes are marked on piste maps as dotted or as dashed lines, this also signifies that the slope is not groomed.

Alpine slope classification in Europe is less rigidly tied to slope angle than in North America. A lower angle slope may be classified as more difficult than a steeper slope if it requires better skiing ability because, for example, it is narrower, requires carrying speed through flatter sections or controlling speed through sharp hairpin turns, or features off-camber slope angles or exposed rock.

Scandinavia

In Norway, Sweden and Finland, a system is used with similar colours as elsewhere in Europe, but with shapes as well.

North America, Australia and New Zealand

In North America, Australia and New Zealand, a color–shape rating system is used to indicate the comparative difficulty of trails (otherwise known as slopes or pistes).

The steepness of ski trails is usually measured by grade (as a percentage) instead of degree angle. In general, beginner slopes (green circle) are between 6% and 25%. Intermediate slopes (blue square) are between 25% and 40%. Difficult slopes (black diamond) are 40% and up. However, this is just a general "rule of thumb". Although slope gradient is the primary consideration in assigning a trail difficulty rating, other factors come into play. A trail will be rated by its most difficult part, even if the rest of the trail is easy. Ski resorts assign ratings to their own trails, rating a trail compared only with other trails at that resort. The resort may take into consideration the width of the trail, sharpest turns, terrain roughness, the direction of the fall line, and whether the trail is groomed regularly.

Japan

Japan uses a color-coded system, but shapes do not usually accompany them. Some resorts, mainly those catering to foreigners, use the North American or European color-coding system, adding to the confusion. The usual ratings are:

Japan has more than 1000 ski areas (115 in Nagano Prefecture alone), many of them small and family-oriented, so comparisons between slope classifications in Japan and "equivalent" slopes in Europe or North America can be misleading.

Bunny slope

A bunny slope, also known as a bunny hill, is an informal term that refers to a beginner difficulty ski run (can either be a whole hill or part of one) that is very flat, groomed, wide, and clear. The origin of the word has multiple theories.

References

References

1. "piste noun". Oxford University Press.
2. [http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/insidefis/fisgeneralrules/10fisrules.html English language ''Fédération Internationale de Ski'' (FIS) website] {{webarchive. link. (2013-01-23)
3. (2009). "Not All Ski Slopes Are Created Equal: Disturbance Intensity Affects Ecosystem Properties". Ecological Applications.
4. [http://www.competence-site.de/lifestyle/fitness.nsf/1411D8A9FDEBD790C12570AB003DE2CE/$File/dsv_markierung_pisten_loipen.pdf "Die Markierung von Pisten und Loipen"], {{Webarchive. link. (2009-03-25 Deutscher Skiverband, Journal, 8. August 2005)
5. (2014-03-02). "Nedfartsmarkeringar".
6. (2014-03-02). "KONSUMENTVERKETS ANVISNINGAR FÖR FRÄMJANDE AV SÄKERHETEN".
7. (March 2005). "Appendix G: Mountain Specifications Summary, Draft Environmental Impact Statement for The Timberline Express Proposal". [[United States Department of Agriculture.
8. Bogus Basin Mountain Recreation Area. 2010. ''Alpine Guide''
9. [http://knol.google.com/k/lars-terjesen/ski-areas-and-resorts-in-japan/ip1jpejf4fdu/206#: Ski areas and resorts in Japan]
10. "Definition of BUNNY SLOPE".
11. "Bunny slope Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary".
12. (3 July 2022). "Origin of the "bunny hill/Slope"".