Pillars of Hercules

The Pillars of Hercules{{efn|

History

According to Greek mythology adopted by the Etruscans and Romans, when Hercules had to perform twelve labours, one of them (the tenth) was to fetch the Cattle of Geryon of the far West and bring them to Eurystheus; this marked the westward extent of his travels. A lost passage of Pindar quoted by Strabo was the earliest traceable reference in this context: "the pillars which Pindar calls the 'gates of Gades' when he asserts that they are the farthermost limits reached by Heracles". Since there has been a one-to-one association between Heracles and Melqart since Herodotus, the "Pillars of Melqart" in the temple near Gades/Gádeira (modern Cádiz) have sometimes been considered to be the true Pillars of Hercules.

Plato placed the legendary island of Atlantis beyond the "Pillars of Hercules". Renaissance tradition says the pillars bore the warning Ne plus ultra (also Non plus ultra, "nothing further beyond"), serving as a warning to sailors and navigators to go no further.

According to some Roman sources, while on his way to the garden of the Hesperides on the island of Erytheia, Hercules had to cross the mountain that was once Atlas. Instead of climbing the great mountain, Hercules used his superhuman strength to smash through it. By doing so, he connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and formed the Strait of Gibraltar. One part of the split mountain is Gibraltar and the other is either Monte Hacho or Jebel Musa. These two mountains taken together have since then been known as the Pillars of Hercules, though other natural features have been associated with the name.

Diodorus Siculus, however, held that, instead of smashing through an isthmus to create the Straits of Gibraltar, Hercules "narrowed" an already existing strait to prevent monsters from the Atlantic Ocean from entering the Mediterranean Sea.

In some versions, Heracles instead built the two to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas from his damnation.

Phoenician connection

Beyond Gades, several important Mauretanian colonies (in modern-day Morocco) were founded by the Phoenicians as the Phoenician merchant fleet pushed through the Pillars of Hercules and began constructing a series of bases along the Atlantic coast starting with Lixus in the north, then Chellah and finally Mogador.

Near the eastern shore of the island of Gades/Gadeira (modern Cádiz, just beyond the strait) Strabo describes the westernmost temple of Tyrian Heracles, the god with whom Greeks associated the Phoenician and Punic Melqart, by interpretatio graeca. Strabo notes that the two bronze pillars within the temple, each eight cubits high, were widely proclaimed to be the true Pillars of Hercules by many who had visited the place and had sacrificed to Heracles there. But Strabo believes the account to be fraudulent, in part noting that the inscriptions on those pillars mentioned nothing about Heracles, speaking only of the expenses incurred by the Phoenicians in their making. The columns of the Melqart temple at Tyre were also of religious significance.

The Pillars in Syriac geography

Syriac scholars were aware of the Pillars through their efforts to translate Greek scientific works into their language as well as into Arabic. The Syriac compendium of knowledge known as Ktaba d'ellat koll 'ellan (Cause of All Causes) is unusual in asserting that there were three, not two, columns.

In art

Dante's ''Inferno''

In Inferno XXVI Dante Alighieri mentions Ulysses in the pit of the Fraudulent Counsellors and his voyage past the Pillars of Hercules. Ulysses justifies endangering his sailors by the fact that his goal is to gain knowledge of the unknown. After five months of navigation in the ocean, Ulysses sights the mountain of Purgatory but encounters a whirlwind from it that sinks his ship and all on it for their daring to approach Purgatory while alive, by their strength and wits alone.

Sir Francis Bacon's ''Novum Organum''

The Pillars appear prominently on the engraved title page of Sir Francis Bacon's Instauratio Magna ("Great Renewal"), 1620, an unfinished work of which the second part was his influential Novum Organum. The motto along the base says Multi pertransibunt et augebitur scientia ("Many will pass through and knowledge will be the greater"). The image was based on the use of the pillars in Spanish and Habsburg propaganda.

Statue of the pillars of Hercules in Ceuta

The Spanish enclave in the extreme north of the African continent, the town of Ceuta is home to a modern-day statue called "The Pillars of Hercules" (Spanish: Columnas de Hércules).[[File: Las dos columnas de Hércules - Ábyla y Calpe (2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The statue of the Pillars of Hercules in Ceuta]] The statue consists of two huge bronze pillars, which are held apart by Hercules. The statue was made by Ceuta artist Ginés Serrán-Pagán.

In architecture

On the Spanish coast at Los Barrios are Torres de Hercules which are twin towers that were inspired by the Pillars of Hercules. These towers were the tallest in Andalusia until Cajasol Tower was completed in Seville in 2015.

In the southern wall of the National Autonomous University of Mexico's Central Library, the mural Historical Representation of Culture, created by the artist Juan O'Gorman, portrays a depiction of the Pillars of Hercules as an allusion to the colonial past of Mexico and the house of Charles V.

Coat of arms

The Pillars appear as supporters of the coat of arms of Spain, originating in the impresa of Spain's sixteenth century king Charles I, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V. It was an idea of the Italian humanist Luigi Marliano. It bears the motto Plus Ultra, Latin for further beyond, implying that the pillars were a gateway. This was modified from the phrase Nec plus ultra, Nothing more beyond after the discovery of the Americas, which laid to rest the idea of the Pillars of Hercules as the westernmost extremity of the inhabitable world which had prevailed since Antiquity.

File:Pillars of Hercules.svg|The columns as depicted in the Spanish coat of arms File:Escudo de España (mazonado).svg|Coat of arms of Spain File:Escudo de Andalucía (oficial2).svg|Emblem of Andalusia File:Escudo de Extremadura.svg|Coat of arms of Extremadura File:Coat of Arms of Melilla.svg|Coat of arms of Melilla File:Seal of San Diego, California.png|Seal of San Diego, California File:Coat of arms of Veracruz.svg|Coat of arms of Veracruz, Mexico File:Coat of arms of Tabasco.svg|Coat of arms of Tabasco, Mexico File:Coat of Arms of Trujillo of New Castille (modern design).svg|Coat of arms of Trujillo, Peru File:Third Coat of Arms of Potosi.svg|Coat of arms of Potosí, Bolivia File:Escudo de Cádiz (oval).svg|Coat of arms of Cádiz File:Escudo de Tumbes.svg|Coat of arms of Tumbes, Peru

Gallery

File:PillarsHerculesPeutingeriana.jpg|Modern conjectural depiction of the lost western section of the Tabula Peutingeriana, showing a representation of the Pillars of Hercules (Columne Ercole). File:Columnas Plus Ultra.png|Device of Charles V in Seville's city hall File:Couly Nouailher - Hercules Carries the Two Columns - Walters 44265.jpg|Limoges enamel depicting Hercules carrying the two columns, by Couly Nouailher, mid-16th century (Walters Art Museum). File:Leone Leoni, The Pillars of Hercules (reverse), 1553, NGA 92018.jpg|alt=The reverse of a bronze medal from 1553 by the sculptor Leone Leoni, 4.2 centimetres from top to bottom, showing the two fluted columns connected with a banderole ribbon, in a sea of waves. Around the circumference, in capital letters, reads: PLVS.OUTRE (that is, in English, "And beyond]|Leone Leoni. The Pillars of Hercules [reverse]. Bronze, 1553. 4.2 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Gift of Lisa and Leonard Baskin.

Notes

References

References

1. Strabo summarizes the dispute in ''Geographia'' 3.5.5.
2. Strabo, 3.5.5; no passage in Pindar has been traced in which the pillars are called "the gates of Gades" (Στήλας, ἃς Πίνδαρος καλεῖ πύλας Γαδειρίδας), but at ''Nem''. 3.20–23 Pindar does speak of "the trackless sea beyond the pillars of Heracles, which that hero and god set up as famous witnesses to ''the furthest limits'' of seafaring".
3. Burkert, Walter. (1985). "Greek Religion". Harvard University Press.
4. Copley, Jon. (19 September 2001). "Sea level study reveals Atlantis candidate".
5. (2019). "Renaissance Futurities: Science, Art, Invention". Univ of California Press.
6. Seneca, ''Hercules Furens'' 235ff.; Seneca, ''Hercules Oetaeus'' 1240; Pliny, ''Nat. Hist''. iii.4.
7. "Close to the Pillars there are two isles, one of which they call Hera's Island; moreover, there are some who call also these isles the Pillars." (Strabo, 3.5.3.); see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/3E*.html#note140 H. L. Jones' gloss on this line in the Loeb Classical Library].
8. Diodorus 4.18.5.
9. A lost passage of [[Pindar]] quoted by Strabo (3.5.5) was the earliest reference in this context: "the pillars which Pindar calls the 'gates of Gades' when he asserts that they are the farthermost limits reached by Heracles"; the passage in Pindar has not been traced.
10. [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926 C. Michael Hogan, ''Mogador, Megalithic Portal'', ed. Andy Burnham, 2007]
11. ([[Strabo]] 3.5.2–3
12. Strabo 3.5.5–6
13. [https://archive.today/20130216044943/http://isawnyu.github.com/isaw-papers-awdl/5/preprint Adam C. McCollum. (2012). ''A Syriac Fragment from The Cause of All Causes on the Pillars of Hercules''. ISAW Papers, 5. ].
14. Pagan Places. ''[https://paganplaces.com/places/pillars-of-hercules-at-ceuta/ Pillars of Hercules at Ceuta] {{Webarchive. link. (24 July 2023 ''. Pagan Places, 2020.)
15. "Biblioteca Central".
16. Giovio, Paolo. (1658). "Diálogo delas empresas militares y amorosas, compuesto en lengua italiana".