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Piast dynasty

First ruling dynasty of Poland (960–1370)

Note

a Polish dynasty

Duchies of Masovia
Duchies of Silesia
Duchy of Bohemia
Galicia–Volhynia
Duke of the Polans ( – 966)
Duke of Poland (966–1025, 1031–1076, 1082–1138)
King of Poland (1025–1031, 1076–1082, 1295–1296, 1320–1370)
High Duke of Poland (1138-1227)
Duke of Kraków (1227–1291, 1306–1320)
Duke of Bohemia (1003–1004)
Duke of Galicia-Volhynia (1325–1340)
Duke of Silesia (1138–1675)
Duke of Masovia (1138–1526)
Duke of Greater Poland (1138–1295)
Duke of Kuyavia (1233–1364)
Duke of Sandomierz
Duke of Sieradz-Łęczyca Mieszko I of Poland (historical) Yuri II Boleslav (Galicia-Volhynia) Janusz III (Masovia) George IV William of Legnica (Silesia) 1675 (male) 1707 (female)
Masovian Piasts (dissolved in 1526)
House of Griffins (uncertain)

The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Duke Mieszko I (–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of King Casimir III the Great.

Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia (until 1526) and in the Duchies of Silesia until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The Jagiellonian kings ruling after the death of Casimir IV of Poland were also descended in the female line from Casimir III's daughter.

Origin of the name

The early dukes and kings of Poland are said to have regarded themselves as descendants of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (Piast Kołodziej), first mentioned in the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), written c. 1113 by Gallus Anonymus. However, the term "Piast Dynasty" was not applied until the 17th century.Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1975 vol. III p. 505 In a historical work, the expression Piast dynasty was introduced by the Polish historian Adam Naruszewicz; it is not documented in contemporary sources.

History

Main article: History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

The first "Piasts", probably of Polan descent, appeared around 940 in the territory of Greater Poland at the stronghold of Giecz. Shortly afterwards they relocated their residence to Gniezno, where Prince Mieszko I ruled over the Civitas Schinesghe from about 960. The Piasts temporarily also ruled over Pomerania, Bohemia and the Lusatias, as well as part of Ruthenia, and the Hungarian Spiš region in present-day Slovakia. The ruler bore the title of a duke or a king, depending on their position of power.

The Polish monarchy had to deal with the expansionist policies of the Holy Roman Empire in the west, resulting in a chequered co-existence, with Piast rulers like Mieszko I, Casimir I the Restorer or Władysław I Herman trying to protect the Polish state by treaties, oath of allegiances and marriage alliances with the Imperial Ottonian and Salian dynasties. The Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty, the Hungarian Arpads and their Anjou successors, the Kievan Rus', later also the State of the Teutonic Order and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were mighty neighbours.

Lands held by the Piast dynasty (992–1025), with a shaded area corresponding to the territory of present-day Poland

The Piast position was decisively enfeebled by an era of fragmentation following the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth. For nearly 150 years, the Polish state shattered into several duchies, with the Piast duke against the formally valid principle of agnatic seniority fighting for the throne at Kraków, the capital of the Lesser Polish Seniorate Province. Numerous dukes like Mieszko III the Old, Władysław III Spindleshanks or Leszek I the White were crowned, only to be overthrown shortly afterwards, and others restored and ousted, at times repeatedly. The senior branch of the Silesian Piasts, descendants of Bolesław III Wrymouth's eldest son Duke Władysław II the Exile, went separate ways and since the 14th century were vassals of the Bohemian Crown.

After the Polish royal line and Piast junior branch had died out in 1370, the Polish crown fell to the Anjou king Louis I of Hungary, son of late King Casimir's sister Elizabeth Piast. The Masovian branch of the Piasts became extinct with the death of Duke Janusz III in 1526. The last ruling duke of the Silesian Piasts was George William of Legnica who died in 1675. His uncle Count August of Legnica, the last male Piast, died in 1679. The last legitimate heir, Duchess Karolina of Legnica-Brieg died in 1707 and is buried in Trzebnica Abbey. Nevertheless, numerous families, like the illegitimate descendants of the Silesian duke Adam Wenceslaus of Cieszyn (1574–1617), link their genealogy to the dynasty.

Coat of arms

About 1295, Przemysł II used a coat of arms with a white eagle – a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as the Piast Eagle. Górczyk, Wojciech, "Półksiężyc, orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów" http://histmag.org/?id=3057&act=ac The Silesian Piasts in the 14th century used an eagle modified by a crescent, which became the coat of arms of the Duchy of Silesia.

Piast rulers

Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, see List of Polish monarchs.

Legendary dukes of the Polans

Son of Chościsko, father of Siemowit Founder of the Piast dynasty

Dukes and Kings of Poland

First Christian monarch Misico, dux Wandalorum

King: 18 April 1025 King: 17 June 1025 First to be crowned King Regnum Sclavorum, Gothorum sive Polonorum King: 1076 King: 1079 First jointly with Władysław I 1098–1102 First jointly with Władysław 1098–1102 Introduced senioral principle

High Dukes of Poland (Fragmentation of the Kingdom)

Supreme Prince Also Duke of Silesia Exiled by his brothers Supreme Prince Also Duke of Masovia Supreme Prince Also Duke of Greater Poland Supreme Prince Also Duke of Wiślica and Sandomierz Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Also Duke of Sandomierz Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Also Duke of Greater Poland Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Also Duke of Silesia Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Also Duke of Silesia Supreme Prince Assassinated Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Also Duke of Masovia Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Also Duke of Wroclaw and Greater Poland Fell at Battle of Legnica Supreme Prince Also Duke of Silesia Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Maternal grandson of Henry II Son of Casimir I of Kuyavia and Constance of Wrocław Supreme Prince Duke of Masovia Supreme Prince Maternal grandson of Konrad I Son of Henry III the White and Judyta of Masovia Duke of Lower Silesia

Supreme Prince Supreme Prince Son of Kazimierz I of Kujawia and Euphrosyne of Opole Supreme Prince

Kings of Poland (Reunification attempts)

King: 1295 King: 1296 Son of Przemysł I and Elisabeth of Wrocław Also Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland and Pomerania

Kings of Poland (Reunited Kingdom)

Re-united the Kingdom of Poland Regarded as one of the greatest Polish monarchs

Female Piasts

Queens consort

Świętosława, supposed daughter of Mieszko I of Poland, Queen consort of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and England, mother of Cnut the Great, King of all England, Denmark and Norway
Świętosława of Poland, daughter of Casimir I the Restorer, Queen consort of Bohemia
Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden, daughter of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Queen consort of Sweden, mother of Canute V of Denmark, King of Denmark and Sophia of Minsk, Queen consort of Denmark
Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile, daughter of Władysław II the Exile, Queen consort of León and Galicia, Queen consort of Castile, Empress of All Spains
Salomea of Poland, daughter of Leszek I the White, Queen consort of Halych
Fenenna of Kuyavia, daughter of Ziemomysł of Kuyavia, Queen consort of Hungary
Elizabeth Richeza of Poland, daughter of Przemysł II, Queen consort of Poland and Bohemia
Viola of Cieszyn, daughter of Mieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn, Queen consort of Hungary, Bohemia and Poland
Maria of Bytom, daughter of Casimir of Bytom, Queen consort of Hungary
Beatrice of Silesia, daughter of Bolko I the Strict, Queen of the Romans
Hedwig of Kalisz, daughter of Bolesław the Pious, Queen consort of Poland, mother of Casimir III the Great King of Poland and Elizabeth of Poland Queen consort of Hungary
Elizabeth of Poland, daughter of Władysław I the Elbow-high, Queen consort of Hungary, mother of Louis I, King of Poland, Hungary and Croatia and Charles I of Hungary, King of Hungary and Croatia
Anna of Świdnica, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica, Queen consort of Germany, of Bohemia and Holy Roman Empress, mother of Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, King of the Romans and of Bohemia
Hedwig of Sagan, daughter of Henry V of Iron, Queen consort of Poland

Other

Karolina of Legnica-Brieg, last legitimate member of the entire dynasty, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg

Priesthood

Archbishops

Bolesław of Toszek – Archbishop of Esztergom
Władysław of Wroclaw – Archbishop of Salzburg

Bishops

Jarosław of Opole – Bishop of Wrocław
Mieszko of Bytom – Bishop of Nitra and of Veszprém
Henry of Masovia – Bishop of Płock
Jan Kropidło – Bishop of Poznań, Włocławek, Kamień and Chełmno, Archbishop of Gniezno (only formally)
Wenceslaus II of Legnica – Bishop of Lebus and of Wrocław
Henry VIII of Legnica – Bishop of Wrocław
Konrad IV the Elder – Bishop of Wrocław
Alexander of Masovia – Bishop of Trento
Casimir III of Płock – Bishop of Płock

Family tree of Piasts

References

A. Małecki, Studya heraldyczne [Heraldic Studies], vol. I, Lwów 1890, pp. 268–285; M. L. Wójcik, Ród Gryfitów do końca XIII wieku. Pochodzenie – genealogia – rozsiedlenie, Historia CVII, Wrocław 1993, p. 39.
Rodowód książąt pomorskich Edward Rymar Książnica Pomorska, 2005, page 53
"FamilyTreeDNA – Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy".
(28 October 2013). "Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places". Routledge.
Ulwencreutz, Lars. (2013). "Ulwencreutz's the Royal Families in Europe". Lulu.com.
Juliusz Bardach. (1957). "Historia państwa i prawa Polski do roku 1795: Bardach, J. Historia państwa i prawa Polski do połowy XV wieku". Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe.
Jacek Hertel. (1980). "Imiennictwo dynastii piastowskiej we wcześniejszym średniowieczu". Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe.
"Gniezno czy Giecz, czyli skąd pochodzi dynastia?".
Tomaney, William. "Poland Today » White eagle regains its crown".

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