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Phylum

Taxonomic rank

In biology, a phylum (; : phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.{{cite book|title=The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/phylum|access-date=2008-10-04|edition=third|year=2005|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|chapter=Life sciences

General description

The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek grc (φῦλον, "race, stock"), related to grc (φυλή, "tribe, clan"). Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Stamm [i.e., stock / tribe] (Phylon)." In plant taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883) classified plants into five groups named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi. The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four embranchements of Georges Cuvier.

At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition). Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.

Definition based on genetic relation

The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group. On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla (Orthonectida and Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.

This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in clades without any formal ranking of group size.

Definition based on body plan

A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.

This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla.

The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.

A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.

Known phyla

Animals

Main article: Animal

Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species, and some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.

	Others

Phylum	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristic	Taxa described
Agmata	Fragmented		Calcareous conical shells	5 species, extinct
Annelida	last1 = Margulis	first1 = Lynn	author-link = Lynn Margulis	last2 = Chapman	title = Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth	publisher = Academic Press	edition = 4th corrected	date = 2009	location = London	isbn = 978-0-12-373621-5	url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C}}	Segmented worms, annelids	Multiple circular segments
Arthropoda	Jointed foot	Arthropods	Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with chitin exoskeleton	+ extant; 20,000+ extinct
Brachiopoda	336}}	336}}	Lophophore and pedicle	–500 extant; 12,000+ extinct
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)	Moss animals	332}}	Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus outside ring of cilia	extant
Chaetognatha	Longhair jaw	342}}	Chitinous spines either side of head, fins	extant
Chordata	With a cord	Chordates	Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail	+
Cnidaria	Stinging nettle	Cnidarians	Nematocysts (stinging cells)
Ctenophora	Comb bearer	256}}	Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia	–150 extant
Cycliophora	Wheel carrying		Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies	+
Dicyemida	Lozenge animal		Single anteroposterior axial celled endoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells	+
Echinodermata	Spiny skin	348}}	Fivefold radial symmetry in living forms, mesodermal calcified spines	extant; approx. 13,000 extinct
Entoprocta	292}}	Goblet worms	Anus inside ring of cilia
Gastrotricha	288}}	Hairybellies	Two terminal adhesive tubes
Gnathostomulida	Jaw orifice	260}}	Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity
Hemichordata	344}}	Acorn worms, hemichordates	Stomochord in collar, pharyngeal slits	extant
Kinorhyncha	Motion snout	Mud dragons	Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate
Loricifera	Armour bearer	Brush heads	Umbrella-like scales at each end
Micrognathozoa	Tiny jaw animals		Accordion-like extensible thorax
Mollusca	320}}	Mollusks/molluscs	Muscular foot and mantle round shell	+ extant; 80,000+ extinct
Monoblastozoa
(Nomen inquirendum)	One sprout animals		distinct anterior/posterior parts and being densely ciliated, especially around the "mouth" and "anus".	1
Nematoda	Thread like	274}}	Round cross section, keratin cuticle
Nematomorpha	276}}	276}}	Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes
Nemertea	270}}	270}}	Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel
Onychophora	Claw bearer	328}}	Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws	extant
Orthonectida	Straight swimmer		Parasitic, microscopic, simple, wormlike organisms
Petalonamae	Shaped like leaves		An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles.	3 classes, extinct
Phoronida	Zeus's mistress	Horseshoe worms	U-shaped gut
Placozoa	Plate animals	242}}	Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between	+
Platyhelminthes	262}}	262}}	Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic.
Porifera	Pore bearer	246}}	Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals	extant
Priapulida	Little Priapus	Penis worms	Penis-shaped worms
Proarticulata	Before articulates		An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran.	3 classes, extinct
Rotifera	Wheel bearer	282}}	Anterior crown of cilia
Saccorhytida	Saccus : "pocket" and "wrinkle"		Saccorhytus is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds. Considered to be a deuterostome or an early ecdysozoan.	2 species, extinct
Tardigrada	Slow step	Water bears, moss piglets	Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head
Trilobozoa	Three-lobed animal	Trilobozoans	A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged	18 genera, extinct
Vetulicolia	Ancient dweller	Vetulicolians	Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills or openings near the pharynx. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments.	15 species, extinct
Xenacoelomorpha	Strange hollow form	Xenacoelomorphs	last1=Cannon	first1=J.T.	last2=Vellutini	first2=B.C.	last3=Smith	first3=J.	last4=Ronquist	first4=F.	last5=Jondelius	first5=U.	last6=Hejnol	first6=A.	title=Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa	journal=Nature	volume=530	issue=7588	date=4 February 2016	pages=89–93	pmid=26842059	doi=10.1038/nature16520	url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1844	bibcode=2016Natur.530...89C	s2cid=205247296 }}	+
Total: 39				1,525,000

Plants

Main article: Plant

The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current definitions of Plantae). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida, a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.

The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta, while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), or for conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses.

	Embryophyte (Land plants)

Division	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristics	Species described
last = Mauseth	first = James D.	title = Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology	edition = 5th	year = 2012	isbn = 978-1-4496-6580-7	publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning	location = Sudbury, MA}} p. 489	Anthoceros-like plants	Hornworts	Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system	–300+
Bryophyta	Bryum-like plants, moss plants	Mosses	Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system
Charophyta	Chara-like plants	Charophytes
Chlorophyta	200}}	Chlorophytes
Cycadophyta	Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants	Cycads	Seeds, crown of compound leaves	–200
Ginkgophyta	Ginkgo-like plants	Ginkgophytes	Seeds not protected by fruit	extant; 50+ extinct
Glaucophyta	Blue-green plants	Glaucophytes
Gnetophyta	Gnetum-like plants	Gnetophytes	Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels
Lycophyta	Lycopodium-like plants
Clubmosses	Microphyll leaves, vascular system	extant
Angiospermae	Seed container	Flowering plants, angiosperms	Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels
last1=Crandall-Stotler	first1=Barbara	last2=Stotler	first2=Raymond E.	year=2000	chapter=Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta	page=21	editor1=A. Jonathan Shaw	editor2=Bernard Goffinet	title=Bryophyte Biology	location=Cambridge	publisher=Cambridge University Press	isbn=978-0-521-66097-6 }}
Marchantia-like plants
Liverworts	Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system
Polypodiophyta	Polypodium-like plants
Ferns	Megaphyll leaves, vascular system
Picozoa	Extremely small animals	Picozoans, picobiliphytes		1
Pinophyta,
Pinus-like plants
Conifers	Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids	extant
Prasinodermophyta	Prasinoderma-like plants	Picozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes		8
Rhodophyta	Red plants	Red algae	Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments.
Total: 16

Fungi

Main article: Fungi

Division	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristics	Species described
Ascomycota	396}}	396}} sac fungi	Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp). Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.	30,000
Basidiomycota	402}}	402}} club fungi	title=Archaeal Genetics Boundless Microbiology	url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/archaeal-genetics/	website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}	31,515
Blastocladiomycota	Offshoot branch fungus{{cite web	url = http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/blastocladiomycota/default.htm	title = Blastocladiomycota	last1 = Holt
Chytridiomycota	Little cooking pot fungus{{cite web	url = http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/chytridiomycota/default.htm	title = Chytridiomycota	last1 = Holt
Glomeromycota	394}}	Glomeromycetes, AM fungi	Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.	284
Microsporidia	Small seeds{{cite web	url = http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/microsporidia/default.htm	title = Microsporidia	last1 = Holt
Neocallimastigomycota	New beautiful whip fungus{{cite web	url = http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/neocallimastigomycota/default.htm	title = Neocallimastigomycota	last1 = Holt
Zygomycota	392}}	392}}	Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.	approx. 1060
Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain, and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists (see Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),{{cite journal | display-authors = 3

Protists

Main article: Taxonomy of Protista

Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Protista is a paraphyletic taxon, which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.

Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by the Catalogue of Life, and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme, with updates from the latest (2022) publication by Cavalier-Smith. Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP.

	Orphan groups

Phylum	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristics	Species described	Image
Amoebozoa	Amorphous animals	Amoebozoans	Presence of pseudopodia for amoeboid movement, tubular cristae.		[[File:Amoeba_proteus.jpg	100px]]
Apicomplexa	Apical infolds	Apicomplexans, sporozoans	Mostly parasitic, at least one stage of the life cycle with flattened subpellicular vesicles and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic apicoplast.		[[File:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg	100px]]
Apusozoa(paraphyletic)	Apusomonas-like animals		Gliding biciliates with two or three connectors between centrioles	32	[[File:Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg	100px]]
Bigyra	Two rings		Stramenopiles with a double helix in ciliary transition zone		[[File:Aplanonet3.jpg	100px]]
Cercozoa	Flagellated animal	Cercozoans	Defined by molecular phylogeny, lacking distinctive morphological or behavioural characters.		[[File:Euglypha_sp.jpg	100px]]
Chromerida	Chromera-like organisms	Q30662251}}	Biflagellates, chloroplasts with four membranes, incomplete apical complex, cortical alveoli, tubular cristae.	8	[[File:Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png	100px]]
Choanozoa(paraphyletic)	Funnel animals	Opisthokont protists	Filose pseudopods; some with a colar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum		[[File:Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg	100px]]
Ciliophora	Cilia bearers	Ciliates	Presence of multiple cilia and a cytostome.		[[File:Paramecium_bursaria.jpg	100px]]
Cryptista	Hidden		Defined by molecular phylogeny, flat cristae.		[[File:Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg	100px]]
Dinoflagellata	Whirling flagellates	Dinoflagellates	Biflagellates with a transverse ribbon-like flagellum with multiple waves beating to the cell's left and a longitudinal flagellum beating posteriorly with only one or few waves.	extant955 fossil	[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6736 dinoflagellate.jpg	100px]]
Endomyxa	Q28212529}}		Defined by molecular phylogeny, typically plasmodial endoparasites of other eukaryotes.		[[File:Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg	100px]]
Eolouka(paraphyletic)	vauthors=Cavalier-Smith T	date=2013	title=Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa	journal=European Journal of Protistology	volume=49	issue=2	pages=115–178	doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001	pmid=23085100}}		Heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral feeding groove.		[[File:Stygiella incarcerata.jpg	100px]]
Euglenozoa	True eye animals		Biflagellates, one of the two cilia inserted into an apical or subapical pocket, unique ciliary configuration.	extant20 fossil	[[File:Euglenoid_movement.jpg	100px]]
Haptista	Fasten		Thin microtubule-based appendages for feeding (haptonema in haptophytes, axopodia in centrohelids), complex mineralized scales.	extant1,205 fossil	[[File:Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg	100px]]
Hemimastigophora	Incomplete or atypical flagellates	Hemimastigotes	Q85570914}}		[[File:Hemimastix_amphikineta.png	60px]]
last=Pánek	first=Tomáš	last2=Tice	first2=Alexander K.	last3=Corre	first3=Pia	last4=Hrubá	first4=Pavla	last5=Žihala	first5=David	last6=Kamikawa	first6=Ryoma	last7=Yazaki	first7=Euki	last8=Shiratori	first8=Takashi	last9=Kume	first9=Keitaro	last10=Hashimoto	first10=Tetsuo	last11=Ishida	first11=Ken-ichiro	last12=Hradilová	first12=Miluše	last13=Silberman	first13=Jeffrey D.	last14=Roger	first14=Andrew	last15=Inagaki	first15=Yuji	last16=Eliáš	first16=Marek	last17=Brown	first17=Matthew W.	last18=Čepička	first18=Ivan	title=An expanded phylogenomic analysis of Heterolobosea reveals the deep relationships, non-canonical genetic codes, and cryptic flagellate stages in the group	journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution	volume=204	date=16 January 2025	doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108289	article-number=108289	pmid=39826589	url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(25)00006-5	url-access=subscription	doi-access=free}}Percolozoa	Percolomonas-like animals	Heteroloboseans, amoebomastigotes	Complex life cycle containing amoebae, flagellates and cysts. Amoeboflagellates with an amoeba, a flagellate, and a cyst stage in their life cycles. Amoebae usually cylindrical, with a monopodial locomotive form, relatively fast-moving via eruptive lobopodia. Flagellates usually with two or four flagella that arise at the anterior end of a feeding groove. Golgi apparatus lacking a classic stacked form. Mitochondria with discoidal cristae, some species with acristate, hydrogen-producing mitochondrion-related organelles.	[[File:Naegleria fowleri lifecycle stages.JPG	100px]]
Malawimonada	Malawimonas-like organisms	Malawimonads	Small free-living bicilates with two kinetosomes, one or two vanes in posterior cilium.		[[File:Malawimonasms.jpg	100px]]
Metamonada	Middle monads	Metamonads	Anaerobic or microaerophilic, some without mitochondria; four kinetosomes per kinetid		[[File:Giardia muris trophozoite SEM 11643.jpg	100px]]
Ochrophyta;Heterokontophyta	Ochre plants, heterokont plants	Heterokont algae, stramenochromes, ochrophytes, heterokontophytes	Biflagellates with tripartite mastigonemes, chloroplasts with four membranes and chlorophylls a and c, tubular cristae.	extant2,262 fossil	[[File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg	100px]]
Opisthosporidia
(often considered fungi)	last1=Karpov	first1=Sergey	last2=Mamkaeva	first2=Maria A.	last3=Aleoshin	first3=Vladimir	last4=Nassonova	first4=Elena	last5=Lilje	first5=Osu	last6=Gleason	first6=Frank H.	date=2014-01-01	title=Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia	journal= Frontiers in Microbiology	volume=5	page=112	doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112	pmc=3975115	pmid=24734027	doi-access=free}}		Parasites with chitinous spores and extrusive host-invasion apparatus		[[File:Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg	100px]]
Perkinsozoa	Perkinsus-like animals	Perkinsozoans, perkinsids	Parasitic biflagellates, incomplete apical complex, formation of zoosporangia or undifferentiated cells via a hypha-like tube.		[[File:Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png	100px]]
Provora	Devouring voracious protists		Q115933632}}		[[File:Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg	50px]]
Pseudofungi	False fungi		Q28303534}}		[[File:Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg	100px]]
Retaria	Reticulopodia-bearing organisms		Q28261633}}	extant50,000 fossil	[[File:Foraminifères_de_Ngapali.jpg	100px]]
Sulcozoa(paraphyletic)	Groove-bearing animals		Aerobic flagellates (none, 1, 2 or 4 flagella) with dorsal semi-rigid pellicle of one or two submembrane dense layers, ventral feeding groove, branching ventral pseudopodia, typically filose.	+	[[File:Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg	70px]]
Telonemia	Telonema-like organisms	Telonemids	last1=Shalchian-Tabrizi	first1=K	last2=Eikrem	first2=W	last3=Klaveness	first3=D	last4=Vaulot	first4=D	last5=Minge	first5=M.A	last6=Le Gall	first6=F	last7=Romari	first7=K	last8=Throndsen	first8=J	last9=Botnen	first9=A	last10=Massana	first10=R	last11=Thomsen	first11=H.A	last12=Jakobsen	first12=K.S	title=Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages	journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	date=28 April 2006	volume=273	issue=1595	pages=1833–1842	doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3515	pmid=16790418	pmc=1634789 }}		[[File:Telonema_rivulare_(electron_micrography).jpg	100px]]
Total: 26, but see below.

The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to the next. The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae, but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista. In addition, less popular classification schemes unite Ochrophyta and Pseudofungi under one phylum, Gyrista, and all alveolates except ciliates in one phylum Myzozoa, later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum Miozoa. Even within a phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) within Ochrophyta. These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a cladistic approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete.

Bacteria

Main article: Bacterial phyla

Currently there are 41 bacterial phyla (not including "Cyanobacteria") that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code

Abditibacteriota
Acidobacteriota, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
Actinomycetota, High-G+C Gram positive species
Aquificota, deep-branching
Armatimonadota
Atribacterota
Bacillota, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia (anaerobic)
Bacteroidota
Balneolota
Bdellovibrionota
Caldisericota, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
Calditrichota
Campylobacterota
Chlamydiota
Chlorobiota, green sulphur bacteria
Chloroflexota, green non-sulphur bacteria
Chrysiogenota, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
Coprothermobacterota
Deferribacterota
Deinococcota, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla
Dictyoglomota
Elusimicrobiota, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
Fibrobacterota
Fusobacteriota
Gemmatimonadota
Ignavibacteriota
Kiritimatiellota
Lentisphaerota, formerly clade VadinBE97
Mycoplasmatota, notable genus: Mycoplasma
Myxococcota
Nitrospinota
Nitrospirota
Planctomycetota
Pseudomonadota, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rhodothermota
Spirochaetota, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
Synergistota
Thermodesulfobacteriota
Thermomicrobiota
Thermotogota, deep-branching
Verrucomicrobiota

Archaea

Main article: Archaea

Currently there are 2 phyla that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code

Nitrososphaerota
Thermoproteota, second most common archaeal phylum Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:
"Euryarchaeota", most common archaeal phylum
"Korarchaeota"
"Nanoarchaeota", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species

Notes

References

(2012). "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011". International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
Berg, Linda R.. (2 March 2007). "Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment". Cengage Learning.
(1866). "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen". G. Reimer.
Naik, V. N.. (1984). "Taxonomy of Angiosperms". Tata McGraw-Hill.
(2001). "Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans". Evolution and Development.
(May 2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews.
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