Phyllodocida

Characteristics

Phyllodocida are segmented worms and range in size from a few millimetres long to over a metre. Each segment bears a pair of paddle-like parapodia. The prostomium generally has one or two pairs of eyes, a dorsal pair of antennae, a ventral pair of sensory palps and a pair of organs on the neck. The peristomium is a ring, often hidden dorsally by the prostomium and the first segment. There is a muscular proboscis with one or more pairs of jaws. The next few segments tend to differ from those further back in having enlarged dorsal and ventral cirri (fine appendages) and reduced parapodial lobes and chaetae (bristles). Some species have appendages with specialised functions but most have many segments that are similar to each other but which vary in size and shape along the length of the body without abrupt changes in the chaetae and parapodia from one to the next.

Biology

Worms in this order are generally predators or scavengers.

Phylogenetic relationships

The three main subgroups are Aphroditiformia, Glyceriformia and Nereidiformia. The Aphroditiformia are characterised by the presence of elytrae or scales on alternating segments. The Glyceriformia are characterised by the presence of unique cone-shaped and ringed prostomiums. The Nereidiformia are more problematic, having no universally distinguishing common features. There is agreement on the monophyly of a group including the Hesionidae, Nereididae and Chrysopetalidae families but opinions differ about Pilargidae, and molecular and morphological studies continue.

Families

Recognised families:

Suborder Aphroditiformia :Superfamily Aphroditoidea

:Superfamily Chrysopetalacea

:Clade Machaeridia

:Superfamily Pisionacea

Suborder Glyceriformia

Suborder Nereidiformia

Suborder Phyllodocida incertae sedis ::Arkonips

Suborder Phyllodociformia

Incertae sedis

References

References

1. [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=892 World Register of Marine Species]
2. [http://tolweb.org/Phyllodocida Tree of Life Web Project]
3. [http://www.eol.org/pages/2561579 Encyclopedia of Life]
4. Glasby, C.J. 1993. Family revision and cladistic analysis of the Nereidoidea (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida). Invertebr. Taxon. 7:1551-1573.
5. Pleijel, F., and Dahlgren, T.G. 1998. Position and delineation of Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta, Phyllodocida). Cladistics 14:129-150.
6. Dahlgren, T.G., Lundberg, J., Pleijel, F., and Sundberg, P. 2000. Morphological and molecular evidence of the phylogeny of Nereidiform polychaetes (Annelida). J. zool. Syst. evol. Res. 38:249-253.
7. (24 July 2019). "Jaw elements in Plumulites bengtsoni confirm that machaeridians are extinct armoured scaleworms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
8. (22 February 2007). "A pyritized polychaete from the Devonian of Ontario". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
9. (2021). "On the Diversity of Phyllodocida (Annelida: Errantia), with a Focus on Glyceridae, Goniadidae, Nephtyidae, Polynoidae, Sphaerodoridae, Syllidae, and the Holoplanktonic Families". Diversity.