Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase

Nomenclature

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate aldose-ketose-isomerase. Other names in common use include:

• PRA isomerase,
• PRAI,
• IGPS:PRAI (indole-3-glycerol-phosphate,
• synthetase/N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase complex), and
• N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate ketol-isomerase.
• xPRAI (monomeric variant in Saccharmyces cerevisiae)
• PRAI[ML256-452] (engineered variant of 1-(2-carboxy-phenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate carboxylase: PRAI)

Reaction

Source:

Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase is one of the many enzymes within the biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan (an essential amino acid). The upstream* pathway substrates and intermediates are shown below (Fig. 2).

As seen in Fig. 1, N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate via this enzyme is converted into 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxribulose 5-phosphate. As the name phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase suggests, it functions as an isomerase, rearranging the parts of the molecule without adding or removing molecules or atoms.

The reaction seen in Fig. 2, is an intramolecular redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. Its first step involves a proton transfer. This product intermediate, an enolamine, is fluorescent, which is useful for kinetic studies within this pathway. However, this product is unstable, and quickly isomerases into an α-amino ketone.

|File:PRAI reaction.svg |Fig. 1: Enzyme Isomerase Reaction |File:Upstream Pathway.png |Fig. 2: Upstream* Pathway of Tryptophan Synthesis |File:Downstream Pathway.png |Fig. 3: Downstream* Pathway of Tryptophan Synthesis

• Note: Upstream/Downstream are relative to the compounds/molecules directly involved in phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase reaction

Kinetics

Michaelis–Menten kinetics data, is given in the table below for PRAI and indole-glycerol-phosphate synthase (IGPS, EC 4.1.1.48).

Structure

Depending on the microorganism PRAI's structure can vary between a mono-functional enzyme (monomeric and labile) or a stable bi-functional dimeric enzyme. Within Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus the enzyme is monmeric. In contrast, in hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima, Escherichia coli (Fig. 5), Salmonella typhimurium, and Aerobacter aerogenes, and Serratia marcescens, it is a bi-functional enzyme with indoleglycerol phosphate synthase as the paired enzyme.

The crystal structure has been characterized for a variety of the above listed microorganisms. The known 2.0 A structure of PRAI from Pyrococcus furiosus shows that tPRAI has a TIM-barrel fold (Fig. 6). PRAI derived from Thermococcus kodakaraensis also expresses a similar TIM-barrel fold structure. The subunits of tPRAI associate via the N-terminal faces of their central beta-barrels. Two long, symmetry-related loops that protrude reciprocally into cavities of the other subunit provide for multiple hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, the side chains of the N-terminal methionines and the C-terminal leucines of both subunits are immobilized in a hydrophobic cluster, and the number of salt bridges is increased in tPRAI. These features appear to be mainly responsible for the high thermostability of tPRAI.[File:PRAI Ecoli.png|right|thumb|Fig 5: Three dimensional structure of the bi-functional PRAI: IGPS enzyme from E. Coli

The bi-functional version of this enzyme isolated from E. Coli (Fig. 5) performs two steps within the Tryptophan pathway. Referencing Fig. 7, the N-terminal catalyzes the IGPS reaction (residues ~1–289 purple), and the C-terminal domain performs the PRAI reaction (residues ~158–452 turquoise). Although these domains overlap (orange), the active sites are not overlapping, and studies have shown that mono-functional enzymes composing of these two domains are still able to produce a functional tryptophan bio-synthetic pathway.

The βα loops are responsible for the activity of this enzyme, and the αβ loops are involved in the protein's stability.

More details on the discovery of this enzyme's structure can be found in Willmann's paper.

Active site

Specifically, for phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase, TkTrpF, from Thermococcus kodakaraensis. The active site for the Amadori rearrangement, was determined to be Cys8 (acting as the general base) and Asp135 (as the general acid).

Inhibitors

An [enzyme inhibitor is molecule that binds to an enzyme that therefore decreases the activity of the protein. The following molecules have been shown to inhibit PRAI activity:

Reduced 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino )-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate [5, 6,8); Indoleglycerol phosphate (8); Indolepropanol phosphate (8); MnCl2 CoCl2 [16); CuSO4 (16); More (chemically synthesized N-(5-phospho-betaD-ribosyl)anthranilate contains inhibitors, but not if it is generated by anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase)

Homologous genes

There are homologous genes which produce this enzyme in plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (Asian Rice). One form of bacterium it is found in Thermotoga maritima.

Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase is also found in various forms of fungi such as Kluyveromyces lactis (yeast), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), and Ashbya gossypii.

A list of genes encoding for PRAI can also be found on KEGG Enzyme database.

References

References

1. (1970). "Metabolism of Amino Acids and Amines Part A".
2. "TRP1/YDR007W Summary". Stanford University.
3. Schomburg, Dietmar. (1994). "Enzyme handbook". Springer-Verlag.
4. Lubert Stryer. (2019-03-25). "Biochemistry". Macmillan Learning.
5. (April 1995). "Phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase catalyzes a reversible amadori reaction". Biochemistry.
6. (2001). "Hyperthermophilic enzymes Part B".
7. (2016-11-09). "Phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase from Thermococcus kodakaraensis".
8. (March 2000). "Structure and function of mutationally generated monomers of dimeric phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase from Thermotoga maritima". Structure.
9. (May 1997). "Crystal structure at 2.0 A resolution of phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima: possible determinants of protein stability". Biochemistry.
10. (April 1995). "Indoleglycerol phosphate synthase-phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase: comparison of the bifunctional enzyme from Escherichia coli with engineered monofunctional domains". Biochemistry.
11. (January 1992). "Three-dimensional structure of the bifunctional enzyme phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase: indoleglycerolphosphate synthase from Escherichia coli refined at 2.0 A resolution". Journal of Molecular Biology.
12. Pitt, Charles. (2002). "Sax, Adolphe (opera)". Oxford University Press.
13. (1999). "Handbook of Enzyme Inhibitors". Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.
14. "Blast search for phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase.". National Center for Biotechnology Information..
15. "KEGG Enzyme".